scholarly journals Examining the Executioners, Influenza Associated Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. Borgogna ◽  
Jovanka M. Voyich

Influenza infections typically present mild to moderate morbidities in immunocompetent host and are often resolved within 14 days of infection onset. Death from influenza infection alone is uncommon; however, antecedent influenza infection often leads to an increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia following viral infection exhibits mortality rates greater than 10-fold of those of influenza alone. Furthermore, bacterial pneumonia has been identified as the major contributor to mortality during each of the previous four influenza pandemics. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pyogenes are the most prevalent participants in this pathology. Of note, these lung pathogens are frequently found as commensals of the upper respiratory tract. Herein we describe influenza-induced host-changes that lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia, review virulence strategies employed by the most prevalent secondary bacterial pneumonia species, and highlight recent findings of bacterial sensing and responding to the influenza infected environment.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon P. Jochems ◽  
Fernando Marcon ◽  
Beatriz F. Carniel ◽  
Mark Holloway ◽  
Elena Mitsi ◽  
...  

AbstractSecondary bacterial pneumonia following influenza infection is a significant cause of mortality worldwide. Upper respiratory tract pneumococcal carriage is important as both determinants of disease and population transmission. The immunological mechanisms that contain pneumococcal carriage are well-studied in mice but remain unclear in humans. Loss of this control of carriage following influenza infection is associated with secondary bacterial pneumonia during seasonal and pandemic outbreaks. We used a human type 6B pneumococcal challenge model to show that carriage acquisition induces early degranulation of resident neutrophils and recruitment of monocytes to the nose. Monocyte function associated with clearance of pneumococcal carriage. Prior nasal infection with live attenuated influenza virus induced inflammation, impaired innate function and altered genome-wide nasal gene responses to pneumococcal carriage. Levels of the cytokine IP-10 promoted by viral infection at the time of pneumococcal encounter was positively associated with bacterial density. These findings provide novel insights in nasal immunity to pneumococcus and viral-bacterial interactions during co-infection.


Author(s):  
Н.В. Петрова ◽  
А.Г. Емельянова ◽  
С.А. Тарасов ◽  
Н. П. Карташова ◽  
Е.А. Глубокова

Целью исследования была оценка противовирусной активности экспериментальных образцов сверхвысоких разведений антител к различным мишеням, вовлеченным в реакции иммунного ответа (MHC I, MHC II, CD4 рецептор, ИФН-γ). Методы. Исследование противовирусной активности сверхвысоких разведений антител к молекуле MHC I проводили на модели летальной гриппозной инфекции (грипп А/Калифорния/04/2009 (H1N1)pdm09), тогда как протективный эффект комплексного препарата, содержащего сверхвысокие разведения антител к молекулам MHC I, MHC II, ИФН-γ и к CD4 рецептору, оценивали на модели смешанной вирусно-бактериальной пневмонии (последовательное инфицирование вирусом гриппа А/Калифорния/04/2009 (H1N1) и Staphylococcus aureus). Результаты. Показано, что сверхвысокие разведения антител к MHC I увеличивали выживаемость животных в эксперименте на 46,7% и 52,4% по сравнению с группами отрицательного контроля и плацебо (p < 0,05), соответственно. Препарат сравнения Осельтамивир повышал этот же показатель на 60% и 85,7% по сравнению с теми же группами животных (p < 0,05). На модели смешанной вирусно-бактериальной инфекции комплексный препарат повышал выживаемость мышей на 30% и 40% (p < 0,05) относительно контрольных групп. Введение Осельтамивира в комбинации с Цефуроксимом выражалось в увеличении выживаемости животных на 50% и 60%, соответственно. Статистически значимого снижения вирусной или бактериальной нагрузки ни для одной из групп выявлено не было. Заключение. Впервые продемонстрирована эффективность экспериментальных препаратов, содержащих сверхвысокие разведения антител к молекуле MHC I, а также их комплекс к MHC I, MHC II, ИФН-γ и к CD4 рецептору в моделях гриппозной инфекции и вирусно-бактериальной пневмонии у животных. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о перспективности дальнейшего изучения протективных эффектов данных образцов при вирусных и бактериальных инфекциях. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of ultra-highly diluted antibodies to various targets (MHC I, MHС II, INFg, and CD4 receptor) involved in the immune response. Methods. The antiviral activity of ultra-highly diluted antibodies to the MHC I molecule was evaluated in a standard model of the lethal A/California/04/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 influenza infection, and the protective effect of a complex drug containing highly diluted antibodies to MHC I and MHC II molecules, INFg, and CD4 receptor was accessed in a model of secondary bacterial pneumonia (A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus challenge followed by Staphylococcus aureus inoculation). Results. The treatment with ultra-highly diluted antibodies to MHC I increased the survival rate of mice by 46.7% and 52.4% vs. the negative control and placebo groups (p < 0.05), respectively. The survival rate was increased in the Oseltamivir group by 60% and 85.7% vs. the same control groups (p < 0.05). In the model of secondary bacterial pneumonia following influenza, the complex drug increased the survival rate of mice by 30% and 40% (p < 0.05) vs. the control groups. The combined application of Oseltamivir and Cefuroxime increased the survival rate by 50% and 60%, respectively. There was no statistically significant decrease in the viral or bacterial load in any of the groups. Conclusion. The study showed for the first time that highly diluted antibodies to the MHC I molecule as well as the complex drug containing highly diluted antibodies to MHC I, MHС II, INFg, and CD4 receptor were effective in animal models of influenza infection and secondary bacterial pneumonia. Further investigation of protective effects of these samples in viral and bacterial infections is promising.


2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
Zoha Shaka ◽  
Helia Mojtabavi ◽  
Elham Rayzan ◽  
Samaneh Zoghi ◽  
Sepideh Shahkarami ◽  
...  

Introduction and objectives: X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), the first known primary immunodeficiency, is caused by rare mutations in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene. Mutations in the BTK gene lead to a failure in the development and maturation of B-cell linage. A decreased number of B-cells results in agammaglobulinemia and increased susceptibility to a variety of infections. Therefore, patients with XLA usually manifest with repetitive bacterial infections, such as upper respiratory tract infections, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and urinary tract infections, since their infancy. Patients: We report a 17-year-old Iranian boy with XLA, referred to us with a history of severe and recurrent episodes of bacterial infections for a period of six years. Results: Genetic analysis using the whole Exome sequencing revealed a hemizygous missense mutation in the BTK gene (c.428 A > T, p.His143Leu). Conclusion: To our knowledge, c.428 A > T has not been reported in the BTK gene.


2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Horvat ◽  
Mira Mihajlovic-Ukropina ◽  
Vesna Mijatovic ◽  
Ana Sabo

Introduction. Acute infections of the upper respiratory tract are the most common reasons why patients visit general practitioners. Overuse of antibiotics in treatment of these conditions is extremely common practice although these infections are most frequently caused by viruses. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution and susceptibility of common pathogens to antimicrobial agents that cause infections of the upper respiratory tract in outpatients and to determine whether the results obtained from the examined sample were in accordance with the recommendations of the current National Guideline. Material and Methods. .The study included 945 strains isolated from the throat and nasal swabs from January 1st to March 31st, 2008, as well as from 330 strains isolated from January 1st to March 31st, 2013 in South Backa District, Serbia. Susceptibility tests were performed by the standard disc diffusion method and according to the criteria recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results. The most commonly isolated strains were Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Branchamella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes, Branchamella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae to examined antibiotics did not substantially change over the two study periods. None of the isolates of Staphylococcus aures demonstrated resistance to methicillin in 2008, while the percentage of resistant strains was 5.93% in 2013. Susceptibility rates of Staphylococcus pneumoniae isolates to erythromycin and clindamycin were lower in 2013 than in 2008. Conclusion. The investigation results follow the recommendations of the National Guideline for the usage of natural penicillin in the treatment of tonsillopharyngitis. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is recommended for the treatment of rhinosinusitis, and second generation cephalosporins are the second choice.


Microbiome ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingdi Zhang ◽  
Christian V. Forst ◽  
Aubree Gordon ◽  
Gabrielle Gussin ◽  
Adam B. Geber ◽  
...  

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. Peters ◽  
Dudley E. Hammon ◽  
Rima J. Jarrah ◽  
Elizabeth L. Palavecino ◽  
Elizabeth S. Blakeney ◽  
...  

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a potentially lethal but rare complication of influenza infection. We report a case of TSS and influenza A infection in a 5-year-old boy without respiratory symptoms, in whom tracheal aspirate bacterial culture grew a toxin-producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial culture of the upper respiratory tract should be considered in patients with influenza-associated toxic shock syndrome.


2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 564-577
Author(s):  
I. A. Leneva ◽  
I. N. Falynskova ◽  
N. P. Kartashova ◽  
E. A. Glubokova ◽  
A. V. Poddubikov ◽  
...  

Introduction. Pneumonia often occurs secondary to influenza infection and accounts for a large proportion of the morbidity and mortality associated with seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks. We previously have shown that vaccination with Virus-like particles (VLPs) containing hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus reduces mortality caused by bacterial infections after an influenza infections in mice.The aim of this work is to study whether this protective effect may be potentiated by supplementing the HA preparation with the influenza neuraminidase (NA).Materials and methods. We studied the effect of Gag-VLPs with the influenza HA or NA from А/PR/8/34 alone or in combination, in a lethal BALB/c mouse model of S. aureus infection after vaccine-matched or mismatched influenza virus challenge.Results. A cocktail of HA-Gag and NA-Gag-VLPs fully protected from weight loss, mortality and viral replication and significantly reduced the bacterial burden in the lungs of А/PR/8/34 infected animals. Immunization with this cocktail HA-Gag-VLPs 100 ng + NA-Gag-VLPs 20 ng also protected 60% of animals from mortality associated with secondary bacterial S. aureus infection following a heterologous H1N1 influenza virus challenge, and led to the significant protection from weight loss and pulmonary pathogen replication even in the absence of HA-inhibition and NA-inhibition antibodies.Conclusion. Our results indicate that influenza vaccination may improve the outcome of a secondary bacterial pneumonia induced by S. aureus after influenza even when the virus is antigenically different from the vaccine strain. At the same time, in our model, the significance of the immunity to influenza virus HA was prevalent.


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
Irina A. Leneva ◽  
◽  
Irina N. Falynskova ◽  
Nailya R. Makhmudova ◽  
Ekaterina A. Glubokova ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-158
Author(s):  
I. N. Falynskova ◽  
A. Yu. Egorov ◽  
A. V. Poddubikov ◽  
N. O. Vartanova ◽  
N. P. Kartashova ◽  
...  

Introduction. Influenza is a severe viral disease, a frequent complication of which is a secondary bacterial pneumonia. Influenza vaccines prevent secondary bacterial complications. Virus-like particles are one of the promising areas for the development of new vaccines. The aim of this work is to study the correlation of the pathomorphological characteristics of the lungs with clinical, virological, and microbiological markers of the disease at vaccination with virus-like particles (VLPs), containing hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus (HA-Gag-VLPs) in a murine model of secondary bacterial pneumonia induced by S. pneumoniae after influenza infection. Material and methods. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with VLPs containing influenza HA. After 21 days, mice were infected with two strains of influenza viruses, homologous and non-homologous, and 5 days after viral infection, were infected with S. pneumoniae. The vaccination effect was evaluated by morphological, virological (titer of the virus in the lungs) and microbiological (titer of bacteria in the lungs) data, and was confirmed by clinical data (survival, change in body weight). Results. Immunization with HA-Gag-VLPs, followed by infection with a homologous influenza virus and S. pneumoniae, reduced the area of foci of inflammation, inhibited the replication of the virus and bacteria in the lungs, and also protected animals from death and reduced their weight loss. Immunization with HA-Gag-VLPs upon infection with a heterologous strain and S. pneumoniae did not affect these criteria. Conclusion. The immunization with HA-Gag-VLPs prevented the viral replication, providing a reduction of S. pneumoniae titer and the degree of lung damage, protecting animals from the disease in a murine model of secondary bacterial pneumonia, induced by S. pneumoniae, after influenza infection with homologous strain of the virus.


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