2D vs. 3D Cell Culture Models for In Vitro Topical (Dermatological) Medication Testing

The emergence of recent viral outbreaks, especially the COVID-19 pandemic, and the resulting global mortality and damage has created an urgent need to accelerate the identification, prevention, and treatment of these viral diseases. Due to the limitations in the use of humans, and animal models in terms of time, costs, metabolism differences and ethical issues, in vitro models have become essential in virology research. In the present review, we collected the application of several used cell culture models in studies on four pathogenic viruses - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), influenza A virus (H1N1), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). These models included, 2D and 3D cell culture (organoids, microfluidic-chips, and bioprinted models). A collection of existing research on these viruses can help fight against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and speed it up against future emerging viruses. Moreover, it can show the shortcomings of in vitro models in virology studies that have been performed to date and provide researchers with new ideas for developing models that are more efficient to deal with similar viral outbreaks.

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Turnover of the Active Fraction of IRS1 Involves Raptor-mTOR- and S6K1-Dependent Serine Phosphorylation in Cell Culture Models of Tuberous Sclerosis

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.01254-05 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 26 (17) ◽

pp. 6425-6434 ◽

Cited By ~ 119

Author(s):

O. Jameel Shah ◽

Tony Hunter

Keyword(s):

Cell Culture ◽

Tuberous Sclerosis ◽

High Speed ◽

Serine Phosphorylation ◽

Feedback Signal ◽

Insulin Receptor Substrates ◽

Igf I ◽

Culture Models ◽

Cell Culture Models

ABSTRACT The TSC1-TSC2/Rheb/Raptor-mTOR/S6K1 cell growth cassette has recently been shown to regulate cell autonomous insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) sensitivity by transducing a negative feedback signal that targets insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 (IRS1 and -2). Using two cell culture models of the familial hamartoma syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, we show here that Raptor-mTOR and S6K1 are required for phosphorylation of IRS1 at a subset of serine residues frequently associated with insulin resistance, including S307, S312, S527, S616, and S636 (of human IRS1). Using loss- and gain-of-function S6K1 constructs, we demonstrate a requirement for the catalytic activity of S6K1 in both direct and indirect regulation of IRS1 serine phosphorylation. S6K1 phosphorylates IRS1 in vitro on multiple residues showing strong preference for RXRXXS/T over S/T,P sites. IRS1 is preferentially depleted from the high-speed pellet fraction in TSC1/2-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts or in HEK293/293T cells overexpressing Rheb. These studies suggest that, through serine phosphorylation, Raptor-mTOR and S6K1 cell autonomously promote the depletion of IRS1 from specific intracellular pools in pathological states of insulin and IGF-I resistance and thus potentially in lesions associated with tuberous sclerosis.

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Applying phasor approach analysis of multiphoton FLIM measurements to probe the metabolic activity of three-dimensional in vitro cell culture models

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep42730 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Pirmin H. Lakner ◽

Michael G. Monaghan ◽

Yvonne Möller ◽

Monilola A. Olayioye ◽

Katja Schenke-Layland

Keyword(s):

Cell Culture ◽

Metabolic Activity ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

In Vitro Cell Culture ◽

Culture Models ◽

Cell Culture Models

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In vitro models of the blood–brain barrier: An overview of commonly used brain endothelial cell culture models and guidelines for their use

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism ◽

10.1177/0271678x16630991 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

pp. 862-890 ◽

Cited By ~ 269

Author(s):

Hans C Helms ◽

N Joan Abbott ◽

Malgorzata Burek ◽

Romeo Cecchelli ◽

Pierre-Olivier Couraud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Culture ◽

Endothelial Cell ◽

Blood Brain Barrier ◽

Brain Parenchyma ◽

Brain Barrier ◽

Blood Brain ◽

Culture Models ◽

Cell Culture Models ◽

The Brain

The endothelial cells lining the brain capillaries separate the blood from the brain parenchyma. The endothelial monolayer of the brain capillaries serves both as a crucial interface for exchange of nutrients, gases, and metabolites between blood and brain, and as a barrier for neurotoxic components of plasma and xenobiotics. This “blood-brain barrier” function is a major hindrance for drug uptake into the brain parenchyma. Cell culture models, based on either primary cells or immortalized brain endothelial cell lines, have been developed, in order to facilitate in vitro studies of drug transport to the brain and studies of endothelial cell biology and pathophysiology. In this review, we aim to give an overview of established in vitro blood–brain barrier models with a focus on their validation regarding a set of well-established blood–brain barrier characteristics. As an ideal cell culture model of the blood–brain barrier is yet to be developed, we also aim to give an overview of the advantages and drawbacks of the different models described.

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