scholarly journals Cerebellum: Its Anatomy, Functions and Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajani Singh
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Force Of Contraction ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Cerebellar Peduncles ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
Muscular Coordination

Cerebellum is the largest part of the hindbrain and weighs about 150 g. It is enshrined in posterior cranial fossa behind the pons and medulla oblongata and separated from these structures by cavity of fourth ventricle. It is connected to brainstem by three fibre tracts known as cerebellar peduncles. Cerebellum controls the same side of body. It precisely coordinates skilled voluntary movements by controlling strength, duration and force of contraction, so that they are smooth, balanced and accurate. It is also responsible for maintaining equilibrium, muscle tone and posture of the body. This is achieved through the use of somatic sensory information in modulating the motor output from the cerebrum and brainstem. Sherrington regarded cerebellum as the head ganglion of the proprioceptive system. Dysfunction of cerebellum along with degenerative diseases of cerebellum such as spinocerebellar ataxia, multiple sclerosis, malignant tumours, etc. may culminate into disequilibrium, hypotonia, difficulty in talking, sleeping, maintaining muscular coordination and dyssynergia which at times may be life threatening. Hence, knowledge of anatomy of cerebellum is imperative for neuroanatomists and neurosurgeons.

Biomechanical, Perceptual, and Cognitive Factors Involved in Maintaining Postural Control While Standing or Walking on Non-Moving and Moving Surfaces: A Literature Review

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Allen Rodowicz ◽  
Rahmat Muhammad ◽  
Michelle Heller ◽  
Joseph Sala ◽  
Chimba Mkandawire
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Musculoskeletal System ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Moving Surface

Postural control has been defined as “regulating the body’s position in space for the dual purposes of stability and orientation.” How the body achieves postural control depends, in part, on the environment. A person navigating a non-moving surface (e.g. hallway, stairway, or step ladder) will process information and will employ different strategies to maintain postural control than someone who is standing or walking on a moving surface (e.g., forklifts, personal transportation systems, escalators, and moving walkways). In both environments, sensory, cognitive, and motor control systems contribute to postural control. The musculoskeletal system uses muscle activation and joint positioning to control the body’s alignment and muscle tone. The biomechanics of postural control rely on information that the musculoskeletal system receives from sensory systems including the vestibular system, which is generally implicated in behaviors requiring balance control, as well as the somatosensory and visual systems. Furthermore, sensory information from these and other systems can be enhanced by cognitive processes, such as attention. The ability to maintain postural control while standing or walking is critical in preventing falls on both non-moving and moving surfaces. This review focuses on moving surfaces and includes a discussion of the biomechanical, perceptual, and cognitive factors responsible for postural control.

scholarly journals Going with the flow: hydrodynamic cues trigger directed escapes from a stalking predator

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (151) ◽  
pp. 20180776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lillian J. Tuttle ◽  
H. Eve Robinson ◽  
Daisuke Takagi ◽  
J. Rudi Strickler ◽  
Petra H. Lenz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rigid Sphere ◽  
Linear Deformation ◽  
Approach Speed ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Freely Suspended ◽  
Surrounding Fluid

In the coevolution of predator and prey, different and less well-understood rules for threat assessment apply to freely suspended organisms than to substrate-dwelling ones. Particularly vulnerable are small prey carried with the bulk movement of a surrounding fluid and thus deprived of sensory information within the bow waves of approaching predators. Some planktonic prey have solved this apparent problem, however. We quantified cues generated by the slow approach of larval clownfish ( Amphiprion ocellaris ) that triggered a calanoid copepod ( Bestiolina similis ) to escape before the fish could strike. To estimate water deformation around the copepod immediately preceding its jump, we represented the body of the fish as a rigid sphere in a hydrodynamic model that we parametrized with measurements of fish size, approach speed and distance to the copepod. Copepods of various developmental stages (CII–CVI) were sensitive to the water flow caused by the live predator, at deformation rates as low as 0.04 s −1 . This rate is far lower than that predicted from experiments that used artificial predator-mimics. Additionally, copepods localized the source, with 87% of escapes directed away (greater than or equal to 90°) from the predator. Thus, copepods' survival in life-threatening situations relied on their detection of small nonlinear signals within an environment of locally linear deformation.

scholarly journals Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in Orthodontics - A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (35) ◽  
pp. 3040-3046
Author(s):  
Nandalal Girijalal Toshniwal ◽  
Shubhangi Amit Mani ◽  
Nilesh Mote ◽  
Ashwini Ramesh Nalkar
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mandibular Advancement ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Mandibular Advancement Appliances

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a sleep associated breathing disorder and it affects the health and quality of life of individuals suffering from it. Orthodontists should be well aware of the symptoms of this disorder and competent enough to recognize its signs and symptoms. Orthodontics is well suited for the treatment of OSA patients due to their expertise and knowledge regarding growth and development of orofacial and dentofacial structures as well as orthopaedic, orthodontic, and surgical correction of the jaws and other supporting tissues. There are basically two types of sleep apnoea- Central sleep apnoea and obstructive sleep apnoea where obstructive sleep apnoea is the more common one. This disorder can be life threatening as the oxygen supply to various parts of the body is substantially reduced. Obstructive sleep apnoea is caused by an interplay between a variety of factors, including sleep related loss of muscle tone in the tissues supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve, anatomical obstruction of the nasal passages, large tonsils, large tongue, a retrognathic mandible, obesity, alcohol, sedative medication, and allergies. Sleep apnoea can be caused due to many factors and many treatment modalities have been employed to correct this disorder including mandibular advancement appliances, polysomnographs, and surgical intervention. It can be treated using surgery, continuous positive airway pressure and oral appliances therapy. This article highlights the role the orthodontist plays in the diagnosis and treatment planning of OSA patients. KEY WORDS Orthodontics, Obstructive Sleep Apnoea, Sleep, Snoring

Osteopathic support of sportsmen during the annual training process

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Yakupov ◽  
G. I. Safiullina ◽  
A. A. Safiullina ◽  
E. R. Burganov
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Osteopathic Treatment ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Myofascial Syndrome ◽  
Sports Activities ◽  
Timely Treatment

Introduction. Modern sports places high demands on the functional systems of the body at all stages of the training and competitive processes. High loads create signifi cant background for the occurrence of musculoskeletal diseases, among which the myofascial syndrome (MFS) holds the leading position. MFS negatively affects the functional readiness of the sportsman′s body and is a risk factor for injuries of the musculoskeletal system. In this regard, timely treatment of MFS is important. It creates the conditions for the improvement of sports achievements, for health maintenance and sports longevity. Treatment of patients with MFS should include methods that normalize trophism and muscle tone. Given the problem of doping, the use of non-drug methods, including osteopathy, is preferable. The goal of research — to develop a system of monitoring and osteopathic correction of myofascial disorders (MFD) and to introduce it into the practice of medical and biological support for sportsmen of different categories and levels during the annual training process.Materials and methods. 93 sportsmen (45 women and 48 men), mean age 22,1±1,1 years, representing diffe rent sports were examined. The essence of the proposed system is regular clinical and electroneurophysiological monitoring of the body condition and preventive correction of myofascial disorders in order to exclude their infl uence on the success of sports activities.Results. It was established that the proposed system of monitoring and osteopathic correction led to a signifi cant reduction in clinical and electroneurophysiological manifestations both in local and in extensive forms of myofascial disorders, which allowed to maintain the optimal functional readiness of sportsmen throughout the entire annual training cycle.Conclusion. The system of monitoring and correction of MFS with the use of osteopathic treatment can be one of the elements of medical and biological support for sportsmen during the annual training process.

From strongyloidiasis to disseminated mucormycosis: the story of an HTLV-1-infected migrant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice Autier ◽  
Adélaïde Chesnay ◽  
Claire Mayence ◽  
Stéphanie Houcke ◽  
Hélène Guégan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Disseminated Strongyloidiasis ◽  
Disseminated Mucormycosis

Strongyloidiasis manifestations range from asymptomatic cases to the life-threatening disseminated strongyloidiasis in case of immune deficiency: larvae migrate throughout the body, disseminating germs from the digestive flora to various organs. Here, we described a case of disseminated mucormycosis consecutive to Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfestation in a Surinamese migrant infected with HTLV-1.

Primary Malignant Tumours of the Body Of The Uterus

1975 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 405-406
Author(s):  
G. R. Kurble ◽  
J. J. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Malignant Tumours

scholarly journals The emulation theory of representation: Motor control, imagery, and perception

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Grush
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feedback Delay ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Effects Of Feedback ◽  
The Brain

The emulation theory of representation is developed and explored as a framework that can revealingly synthesize a wide variety of representational functions of the brain. The framework is based on constructs from control theory (forward models) and signal processing (Kalman filters). The idea is that in addition to simply engaging with the body and environment, the brain constructs neural circuits that act as models of the body and environment. During overt sensorimotor engagement, these models are driven by efference copies in parallel with the body and environment, in order to provide expectations of the sensory feedback, and to enhance and process sensory information. These models can also be run off-line in order to produce imagery, estimate outcomes of different actions, and evaluate and develop motor plans. The framework is initially developed within the context of motor control, where it has been shown that inner models running in parallel with the body can reduce the effects of feedback delay problems. The same mechanisms can account for motor imagery as the off-line driving of the emulator via efference copies. The framework is extended to account for visual imagery as the off-line driving of an emulator of the motor-visual loop. I also show how such systems can provide for amodal spatial imagery. Perception, including visual perception, results from such models being used to form expectations of, and to interpret, sensory input. I close by briefly outlining other cognitive functions that might also be synthesized within this framework, including reasoning, theory of mind phenomena, and language.

Lumps and Bumps in Children

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 371-378
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Putnam
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissues

Many lesions involving the skin or subcutaneous tissues alarm parents and, often fearing cancer, they bring their child to a physician. Most lesions are benign and rarely life-threatening. The physician faces the problem of determining which characteristics suggest only observation of a lesion and which make biopsy necessary. Because many lesions have a predilection for certain areas of the body, this is a useful form of categorization (Table 1). On first inspection of a superficial lesion, several questions must be asked, including the known duration, change in size, presence of pain or other signs of inflammation, and any noted multiplicity. The examination includes an accurate measurement of the size and, most importantly, a determination of the level of the lesion. This will help establish the diagnosis and help to determine whether the possibility of malignancy exists. Essentially all lesions originating in the skin of children are benign. Some are obvious, such as a wart, while others may not be so clear-cut, especially if the epidermis is not altered in appearance. Upon palpation of a cutaneous mass, the skin does not move over the surface and puckers when the adjacent skin and tissues are compressed and elevated. If the skin moves freely over the mass, the nature of the lesion is not so readily apparent.

Can Serum Thymidine Kinase 1 Detect Small Invisible Malignant Tumours?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Zhou ◽  
Huijun Li ◽  
Cong Fang ◽  
Junye Tan ◽  
Peng Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thymidine Kinase ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Magnetic Beads ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Malignant Tumour ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Thymidine Kinase 1 ◽  
Protein Cell

Abstract Objectives. Early detection of malignant tumour is a prerequisite for a successful treatment. Here we investigate if thymidine kinase 1 is more sensitive than imaging technology to discover small invisible malignant tumours.Material and Methods. The cellular concentration of TK1 was determined by a novel automatic chemiluminescence analyzer of magnetic particle immune sandwich minimum. The primary and secondary antibodies linked to the magnetic beads were chicken anti-human thymidine kinase 1 IgY-polyclonal antibodies (IgY pAb). The minimum number of cells able to be detected by the novel detection technology using an automatic chemiluminescence analyzer were determined based on the cellar TK1 concentration of low and high TK1 cell lines of known cell count.Results. The TK1 concentration of malignant cell was found to be 0.021 pg/cell. Assuming 200 pg of total protein/cell, TK1 corresponds to 0.01 % of the total protein/cell. The concentration of TK1 in human blood serum of malignant patients is in the range of 2-10 pmol/l (pM), corresponding to about 50 x106 growing cells in the body that release TK1 into 5 litre blood. The limit visibility by imaging of a tumour is about 1 mm in diameter, corresponding to about 109cells of a cell diameter of 1µm. Conclusion. TK1 is more sensitive than imaging.

Consultation with the Specialist

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 257-259
Author(s):  
John G. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Home Monitoring ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Diagnostic Management ◽  
Life Threatening

Infants who experience apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs) usually generate enormous anxiety among family members and other caretakers and present diagnostic, management, and counseling challenges for the pediatrician. Important considerations for the primary care provider include the following: 1. What is the prognostic significance of the frightening event, particularly in relation to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? 2. Which mechanisms and specific diagnoses should be considered as possible causes of ALTEs? 3. Which infants who present after an ALTE require hospitalization, and what diagnostic evaluation is appropriate? 4. What is the role for home cardiorespiratory monitors, and what is appropriate follow-up for infants who have suffered an ALTE? Definition ALTE should be considered a chief complaint rather than a specific diagnosis. In the standard established in 1986 by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Conference on Infantile Apnea and Home Monitoring, ALTE is defined as "an episode that is frightening to the observer and is characterized by some combination of apnea (central or occasionally obstructive), color change (usually cyanotic or pallid but occasionally erythematous or plethoric), marked change in muscle tone (usually marked limpness), choking, or gagging. In some cases the observer fears that the infant has died." Previously used terminology, such as "aborted crib death" or "nearmiss SIDS," should be abandoned because it implies a possibly misleading close association between this type of event and SIDS.

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