scholarly journals Understanding Root Biology for Enhancing Cotton Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayant H. Meshram ◽  
Sunil S. Mahajan ◽  
Dipak Nagrale ◽  
Nandini Gokte-Narkhedkar ◽  
Harish Kumbhalkar
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Tap Root ◽  
Commercial Crop ◽  
Environmental Responses

Cotton is an important commercial crop grown in India. It occupies an area of about 12.7 million hectares and is grown both in irrigated as well as rainfed tracts. In such situations, roots are very important organ for plant growth and development, since they act as anchors, providing mechanical support, and chemical extractors for the growing plant. Root length density sets the proportion of water uptake both under wet conditions and dry soils. Cotton plants with efficient root system capture water and nutrients from soil having these features of longer tap root. It is widely accepted that breeding efforts on aboveground traits are not sufficient to the necessary yield advantage. Shifting the emphasis to analyzing the root system would provide an additional means to enhance yield under changing climatic condition. Belowground image analysis studies point to the importance of root system architecture for optimizing roots and rhizosphere dynamics for sustainable cotton production. In this review, we describe the cotton root biological context in which root-environment interactions providing an overview of the root growth morphology species wise, phytohormone action that control root growth, root anatomical significance in drying soils, biotic and abiotic stresses involved in controlling root growth and environmental responses.

Root Morphology and Secretion of two subtropical tree species to NH4+-N and NO3–-N Deposition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Zhichun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Southern China ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Tap Root

Abstract Background: Both NH4+ and NO3– are capable of greatly influencing plants’ growth and biomass. However, the belowground responses of subtropical trees to either NH4+ or NO3– deposition remain poorly understood. Here, we discuss how these two forms of N deposition can affect root development, and experimentally analyzed how they could impact nitrogen and phosphorus absorption in two types (broadleaved with a fibrous root system vs. conifer with a tap root system) of subtropical tree species. Results: In a greenhouse in southern China, 1-year-old S. superba and P. massoniana seedlings grown on P-limited and P-normal soil were treated with NaNO3 and NH4Cl solutions of 0, 80, and 200 kg N ha–1 year–1, corresponding to the control, N80, and N200 groups, respectively. Root phenotype characteristics and metabolism ability were measured after 8 months of growth. The results showed that the root morphology and physiology variables differed significantly between the two species under different N and P treatments. Although S. superba had a larger quantity of roots than P. massoniana, both its root growth rate and root absorption were respectively lower and weaker. N addition differentially affected root growth and activity as follows: (1) NO3–-N80 and NH4+-N80 increased root growth and activity of the two species, but NH4+-N80 led to thicker roots in S. superba; (2) NO3–-N200 and NH4+-N200 had inhibitory effects on the roots of P. massoniana, for which NH4+-N200 led to thinner and longer roots and even the death of some roots; and (3) NH4+-N could promote metabolic activity in thicker roots (> 1.5 mm) and the NO3–-N was found to stimulate activity in thinner roots (0.5–1.5 mm) in the fibrous root system having a larger quantity of roots, namely S. superba. By contrast, NO3–-N and NH4+-N had an opposite influence upon functioning in the tap root system with a slender root, namely P. massoniana. Conclusion: We conclude P. massoniana has a much higher root absorption efficiency; however, nitrogen deposition is more beneficial to the root growth of S. superba.

scholarly journals Local and Systemic Regulation of Plant Root System Architecture and Symbiotic Nodulation by a Receptor-Like Kinase

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e1004891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emeline Huault ◽  
Carole Laffont ◽  
Jiangqi Wen ◽  
Kirankumar S. Mysore ◽  
Pascal Ratet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Receptor Like Kinase ◽  
Plant Root System

scholarly journals Root plasticity under abiotic stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumyana Karlova ◽  
Damian Boer ◽  
Scott Hayes ◽  
Christa Testerink
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Root Plasticity ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Aerenchyma Formation

Abstract Abiotic stresses increasingly threaten existing ecological and agricultural systems across the globe. Plant roots perceive these stresses in the soil and adapt their architecture accordingly. This review provides insights into recent discoveries showing the importance of root system architecture and plasticity for the survival and development of plants under heat, cold, drought, salt, and flooding stress. In addition, we review the molecular regulation and hormonal pathways involved in controlling root system architecture plasticity, main root growth, branching and lateral root growth, root hair development and formation of adventitious roots. Several stresses affect root anatomy by causing aerenchyma formation, lignin and suberin deposition, and Casparian strip modulation. Roots can also actively grow towards favourable soil conditions and avoid environments detrimental to their development. Recent advances in understanding the cellular mechanisms behind these different root tropisms are discussed. Understanding root plasticity will be instrumental for the development of crops that are resilient in the face of abiotic stress.

scholarly journals ROOT GROWTH OF CHINESE JUNIPER DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS AFTER PLANTING

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1064e-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Michael E. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Root Spread

Shoot and root growth were measured on Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.) Var. `Torulosa', `Sylvestris', `Pfitzeriana' and `Hetzii' 1, 2 and 3 years after planting into a simulated landscape from 10-liter black plastic containers. Mean diameter of the root system increased quadratically averaging 1, 2 m/year; whereas, mean branch spread increased at 0, 33 m/year, Three years after planting, root spread was 2, 75 times branch spread and roots covered an area 5.5 times that covered by the branches. Percentage of total root length located within the dripline of the plants remained fairly constant (71-77%) during the first 3 years following planting. Root length density per unit area increased over time but decreased with distance from the trunk. In the first 2 years after planting shoot weight increased faster than root `weight. However, during the third year after planting, the root system increased in mass and size at a faster rate than the shoots. Root length was correlated with root weight within root-diameter classes, Root spread and root area were correlated with trunk area, branch spread and crown area.

scholarly journals Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) root system architecture adaptation to initial soil moisture improves seed development in dry-down conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibaut Bontpart ◽  
Ingrid Robertson ◽  
Valerio Giuffrida ◽  
Cristobal Concha ◽  
Livia C. T. Scorza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Water Use ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Adaptive Strategies ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Initial Soil Moisture ◽  
Initial Soil

AbstractSoil water deficit (WD) impacts vascular plant phenology, morpho-physiology, and reproduction. Chickpea, which is mainly grown in semi-arid areas, is a good model plant to dissect mechanisms involved in drought resistance.We used a rhizobox-based phenotyping system to simultaneously and non-destructively characterise root system architecture (RSA) dynamics and water use (WU) patterns. We compared the drought-adaptive strategies of ‘Teketay’ to the drought-sensitive genotype ICC 1882 in high and low initial soil moisture without subsequent irrigation.WD restricted vegetative and reproductive organ biomass for both genotypes. Teketay displayed greater adaptability for RSA dynamics and WU patterns and revealed different drought adaptive strategies depending on initial soil moisture: escape when high, postponement when low. These strategies were manifested in distinct RSA dynamics: in low initial soil moisture, its reduced root growth at the end of the vegetative phase was followed by increased root growth in deeper, wetter soil strata, which facilitated timely WU for seed development and produced better-developed seeds.We demonstrate that RSA adaptation to initial soil moisture is one mechanism by which plants can tolerate WD conditions and ensure reproduction by producing well-developed seeds. Our approach will help in identifying the genetic basis for large plasticity of RSA dynamics which enhances the resilience with which crops can optimally adapt to various drought scenarios.HighlightRoot system architecture and water use patterns change dynamically for distinct drought adaptation strategies in chickpea.

Root growth and root system architecture of field-grown maize in response to high planting density

2018 ◽  
Vol 430 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 395-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Shao ◽  
Tingting Xia ◽  
Dali Wu ◽  
Fanjun Chen ◽  
Guohua Mi
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Planting Density
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