The Iraqi–Iranian Dispute and the Situation of Their Armies on the Eve of the War

Author(s):  
Pesach Malovany ◽  
Amatzia Baram ◽  
Kevin M. Woods ◽  
Ronna Englesberg

The chapter deals with the Iraqi-Iranian dispute in the 20th century. Its origins and development and the superpowers involvement in this conflict. The continuous border clashes between the two countries and the Iranian growing involvement in internal Iraqi issues. It deals with the problem of control on the Shatt al-Arab river and the Iranian control of the Hormuz strait in the Persian Gulf. It describes the deterioration in the situation after the deposition of the shah and the establishment of the Islamic regime of Khomeini (February 1979). It describes also the status of the armed forces of both countries—ground forces, air and naval forces—on the eve of the war between them, and their strength and capabilities.

2002 ◽  
Vol 167 (5) ◽  
pp. 406-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Unwin ◽  
Matthew Hotopf ◽  
Lisa Hull ◽  
Khalida Ismail ◽  
Anthony David ◽  
...  

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (9) ◽  
pp. 1299-1301
Author(s):  
Charles S. Specht ◽  
Michael R. Lewin-Smith ◽  
Victor F. Kalasinsky ◽  
Michael R. Peterson ◽  
Florabel G. Mullick

Abstract Background.—Tens of thousands of Persian Gulf War veterans (GWVs) have presented with medical symptoms since Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. The Kuwait Registry at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology was established to act as a repository for surgical pathology, cytopathology, and autopsy material from GWVs. Objective.—To identify conditions known to be endemic to the theater of operations in our cohort of GWVs. Methods.—The Kuwait Registry database was searched by computer for listed conditions endemic to the Persian Gulf region included in the registry through December 31, 1997. Results.—Of the 2582 patients in this cohort, 1 patient with hepatitis B and 15 patients with hepatitis C were identified. Other known endemic conditions of the Persian Gulf region were not found. Conclusions—Viral hepatitis (B and C), which is prevalent in the US population, was the only listed endemic condition identified in surgical pathology or cytopathology specimens in our cohort of GWVs.


Author(s):  
Pesach Malovany ◽  
Amatzia Baram ◽  
Kevin M. Woods ◽  
Ronna Englesberg

This chapter deals with two arms of the Iraqi Armed Forces—the Naval forces and the Surface to Surface Missile (SSM) forces. It describes the development of the Iraqi Navy from a small arm whose purpose was to guard Iraq’s narrow strip of coast along the Persian Gulf (called by the Iraqis, the “Arab Gulf”), to a capable force that played an important role in the Iraq-Iran war by gaining supremacy over the Iranian navy and driving it out of the northern part of the Gulf. It describes also the development of the Iraqi SSM arm, especially during the Iraq-Iran war, and afterwards, its strategic importance, and the problem to fight against it, as it was demonstrated during the Gulf war in 1991.


Author(s):  
Shemshad Shahbazi ◽  
Nasrin Sakhaei ◽  
Hossein Zolgharnein ◽  
Catherine S. McFadden

Abstract Studies concerning octocoral species from the Persian Gulf coral reefs are few. This study documents the diversity and abundance of octocoral communities from three islands in the north Persian Gulf, namely, Larak Island, Hengam Island and Qeshm Island. Belt transects were used to survey the octocoral communities at these islands. We used a rapid ecological assessment technique (REA) to assess the status and abundance of octocorals. Also, K Independent sample analysis was conducted on abundance and Shannon Diversity index data to determine if octocoral abundance and species diversity varied between islands. A total of 22 morphospecies, belonging to seven alcyonacean families, including Plexauridae, Ellisellidae, Alcyoniidae, Nephtheidae, Briareidae, Acanthogorgiidae and Subergorgiidae, were identified in this study. Statistical analysis indicated octocoral abundance and diversity at Larak Island reefs were higher than those around Hengam and Qeshm islands. The primary data presented in this study could serve as the baseline data for long-term biomonitoring programmes to estimate the status of octocorals in the Persian Gulf.


1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Orend

When we think of recent armed conflicts, such as those in the Persian Gulf, Bosnia or Rwanda, we realize that one profound difficulty shared by them was how they ended. The process of war termination—of resolving successfully serious outbreaks of armed conflict between national groups—is fraught with fragility and complexity, featuring often competing claims of security and justice.Only recently have we begun to understand how crucial the issue of war termination is, with regard not only to bringing particular conflicts to an end but also to mitigating further devastations in the future. Whereas past attention focused obsessively on the beginning of war, and/or on proper conduct during wartime, it is becoming clear that the ending of war deserves equal time with regard to critical analysis, historical application and the creative construction of proposals for amelioration. There are only a handful of works on this important and topical, yet neglected, issue.This article proposes to contribute to the sparse literature by constructing a theory of war termination. The article will offer reasonable responses to questions of what constitutes justice, security and legality in the aftermath of war. The inquiry will proceed first by examining the status quo with regard to war termination, undertaking an examination of its few strengths and many weaknesses. Then, the account will fashion a more satisfactory set of laws to regulate state conduct during the immediate aftermath of a particular war. These universal and abstract norms, once constructed, will be applied to a recent and concrete case, namely, that of the lengthy termination process of the Persian Gulf War of 1991. The theory will next shift its attention away from short-term principles, regulating the endings of particular wars, towards those longer-term rules and institutional reforms required to transform the international system itself into one in which the incidence and destructiveness of war will be diminished. Before concluding, attention will be paid to defeating doubts about the laws forwarded as a plausible theory about securing justice and peace when wars end.


2021 ◽  
Vol 325 ◽  
pp. 03013
Author(s):  
Majid Khazali ◽  
Lobat Taghavi

Aquatic environments are among the most vulnerable habitats that affect all Organisms. The Persian Gulf is home to numerous plant and animal species, and the biological safety is at risk due to its numerous human activities. Traffic of numerous oil and commercial vessels in the area, waste water, desalination, proximity of numerous industrial, refinery and petrochemical units to shores and rivers, oil rigs, fishing, and tourism activities are potential hazards to the environment and should lead to severe chemicals and physicals pollution into the Persian Gulf ecosystem. All this while the Persian Gulf is highly vulnerable due to various natural in the reason of such as low water circulation due to isolation, high evaporation, and low water depth. In this article, previous studies on the status of pollutants in the Persian Gulf have been reviewed. Much of the research on Persian Gulf pollution has focused on hydrocarbons and heavy metals. However, according to recent research, the amounts of these pollutants have been lower than the allowed levels. Also, further research into the impacts of plastics and microplastics on the Persian Gulf ecosystem should be undertaken.


Crustaceana ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Savari ◽  
E. Kamrani ◽  
A. Shahdadi

As the reproductive cycle of barnacles is regulated by different physical and biological factors, their annual breeding patterns can be locally adapted. This study aims to describe the breeding patterns of Microeuraphia permitini in the Persian Gulf, Iran, in three different habitats. Barnacles from three locations were examined monthly during one year. The results showed that M. permitini matures very rapidly in the Persian Gulf. This species reproduces year-round with peak breeding between May and August, and shows a decline in breeding between November and January. Although the Persian Gulf is restricted by the Hormuz Strait, the reproductive activity of the barnacle shows a decline coinciding with the Indian Ocean summer monsoon, as the brood percentage falls in that period. Additionally, comparison of mean breeding activity between the three sites revealed that breeding activity is different in the different habitats surveyed (mangrove swamp > exposed rocky jetty > sheltered rocky jetty).


2002 ◽  
Vol 167 (5) ◽  
pp. 406-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Unwin ◽  
Matthew Hotopf ◽  
Lisa Hull ◽  
Khalida Ismail ◽  
Anthony David ◽  
...  

Significance Over the past several weeks, Tehran has gradually shifted from a position of ‘strategic patience’ to escalatory action in an attempt to pressure Washington to back off and elicit greater support from other powers. This was signalled by Khamenei’s appointment in late April of General Hossein Salami, a stridently anti-Western figure, as the new head of the Islamic Revolution Guard Corps (IRGC). Impacts After the downing of its unmanned aerial vehicle, the United States will likely review overflight procedures and rules of engagement. Iranian shows of force through naval exercises in the Persian Gulf are possible in the near future. Iran may unveil new hardware including defensive systems or, more provocatively, test offensive missiles in coming weeks and months. In the event of unwanted direct confrontation between the Iranian and US armed forces, both sides would look quickly to de-escalate.


Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4706 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-47
Author(s):  
COLIN L. McLAY ◽  
TOHRU NARUSE

The genus Conchoecetes Stimpson, 1858, has long been considered to include three species: C. artificiosus (Fabricius, 1798), C. andamanicus Alcock, 1900, and C. intermedius Lewinsohn, 1984. The type species, C. artificiosus, has been assumed to be widely distributed throughout the Indo-West Pacific and a fourth species, C. conchifera (Haswell, 1882), from Australia, has been regarded as a synonym. The enigmatic and long overlooked “Caphyra pectenicola Adams, in Belcher, 1848” is shown to be a species of Conchoecetes occurring in Java, Singapore and the Gulf of Thailand. We review the status of these species, establish C. conchifera as a valid species, and describe five new species: C. atlas n. sp., C avikele n. sp., C. chanty n. sp., C. investigator n. sp. and C. pembawa n. sp. In this revision we recognize 10 valid species in Conchoecetes. They are distributed from Southern Africa, across the Indian Ocean to Australia and northwards to China. Formerly considered to be cosmopolitan, C. artificiosus is restricted to India, Sri Lanka Pakistan, as well as the Persian Gulf and Madagascar, while C. intermedius, first discovered near Madagascar, is shown to be the most widespread species occurring from Africa to China.  


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