Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Exposure in Iranian Prisoners: A National Study in 2016

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In the United States, HCC is the ninth leading cause of cancer deaths. Despite advances in prevention techniques, screening, and new technologies in both diagnosis and treatment, incidence and mortality continue to rise. Cirrhosis remains the most important risk factor for the development of HCC regardless of etiology. Hepatitis B and C are independent risk factors for the development of cirrhosis. Alcohol consumption remains an important additional risk factor in the United States as alcohol abuse is five times higher than hepatitis C. Diagnosis is confirmed without pathologic confirmation. Screening includes both radiologic tests, such as ultrasound, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, and serological markers such as αfetoprotein at 6-month interval. Aim To compare characteristics and behavior of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic HCV patients and HVB patients Patients and Methods The current study was conducted on patients with de HCC presented at HCC clinic, Tropical medicine department Ain Shams University Hospitals between December 2017 and D ecember 2018, aged (18-70 years old) . Results eline characteristics of study population shown in Table 1 at enrolment, including gender, Education status, co-morbidity, underlying presence or absence of cirrhosis, Child-Pugh class of patients infected with viral hepatitis, and alpha-fetoprotein levels. Male proportion observed to be predominant in both HCV (62%) and HBV (75.4%) infected HCC population. Overall prevalence of HCV and HBV in patients having HCC was 65.95% and 34.04%, respectively. Presence of underlying liver cirrhosis was more significantly associated with HCV seropositives as compared to HBV seropositive patients (p0.05). Table 2 shows comparison of means between HCV and HBV seropositive patients with HCC. In univariate analysis, mean age difference (11.6 years), and total bilirubin levels (-1.91mg/dl) were the only statistically significant observations noted among HCV-HCC group (p = 0.05) Conclusion Hepatocellular carcinoma is mainly caused by Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B viruses, but latter showed predominance, comparatively worldwide and correlated HBV directly as a cause of HCC rather than HCV whose relation with HCC is still unclear (Shepard et al., 2006; Di Bisceglie, 2009). Because of the geographical differences and risk factors, the epidemiological burden of HCV and HBV has been observed different in different areas of the world. In developing countries due to high burden of HCV infection as compared to HBV such as in Taiwan (HCV 17.0%, HBV 13.8%) (Kao et al., 2011), Guam (HCV 19.6%, HBV 18%) (Haddock et al., 2013), and Pakistan (HCV 4.8%, HBV 2.5%) (Rehman et al., 1996; Raza et al., 2007; Qureshi et al., 2010; Butt et al., 2012;) will possibly

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Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The Open Virology Journal ◽

10.2174/1874357901812010026 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 26-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Arnolfo Petruzziello

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Liver Cancers ◽

B Virus

Introduction:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent primary malignant tumors and accounts for about 90% of all primary liver cancers. Its distribution varies greatly according to geographic location and it is more common in middle and low- income countries than in developed ones especially in Eastern Asia and Sub Saharan Africa (70% of all new HCCs worldwide), with incidence rates of over 20 per 100,000 individuals.Explanation:The most important risk factors for HCC are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection, excessive consumption of alcohol and exposition to aflatoxin B1. Its geographic variability and heterogeneity have been widely associated with the different distribution of HBV and HCV infections worldwide.Chronic HBV infection is one of the leading risk factors for HCC globally accounting for at least 50% cases of primary liver tumors worldwide. Generally, while HBV is the main causative agent in the high incidence HCC areas, HCV is the major etiological factor in low incidence HCC areas, like Western Europe and North America.Conclusion:HBV-induced HCC is a complex, stepwise process that includes integration of HBV DNA into host DNA at multiple or single sites. On the contrary, the cancerogenesis mechanism of HCV is not completely known and it still remains controversial as to whether HCV itself plays a direct role in the development of tumorigenic progression.

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Seroprevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus infections among children attending govern- ment medical college, Gwalior M.P.

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.08.310 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. S89-S90

Author(s):

Anshu Mittal ◽

Savita Bharat Jain

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Medical College ◽

B Virus

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Risk Factors and Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Uzbekistan

Intervirology ◽

10.1159/000050066 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 44 (6) ◽

pp. 327-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Ruslan Ruzibakiev ◽

Hideaki Kato ◽

Ryuzo Ueda ◽

Nodira Yuldasheva ◽

Tatyana Hegay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Virus Hepatitis ◽

B Virus ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of HIV, Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infections in Drug Addicts among Gorgan Prisoners

Journal of Medical Sciences(Faisalabad) ◽

10.3923/jms.2007.252.254 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 252-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Khodabakhshi Behnaz ◽

Abbassi Abdollah ◽

Fadaee Fateme ◽

Rabiee Mohammadre

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Drug Addicts ◽

Virus Infections ◽

B Virus

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Bloodborne Exposure and Infection in Correctional Healthcare Workers

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/510813 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 24-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Robyn R. M. Gershon ◽

Martin Sherman ◽

Clifford Mitchell ◽

David Vlahov ◽

Melissa J. Erwin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽

Hepatitis C Virus Infection ◽

Job Duties ◽

Correctional Healthcare

Objective.To determine the prevalence and risk factors for bloodborne exposure and infection in correctional healthcare workers (CHCWs).Design.Cross-sectional risk assessment study with a confidential questionnaire and serological testing performed during 1999-2000.Setting.Correctional systems in 3 states.Results.Among 310 participating CHCWs, the rate of percutaneous injury (PI) was 32 Pis per 100 person-years overall and 42 Pis per 100 person-years for CHCWs with clinical job duties. Underreporting was common, with only 25 (49%) of 51 Pis formally reported to the administration. Independent risk factors for experiencing PI included being age 45 or older (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.41 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.31-4.46]) and having job duties that involved needle contact (aOR, 3.70 [95% CI, 1.28-10.63]) or blood contact (aOR, 5.05 [95% CI, 1.45-17.54]). Overall, 222 CHCWs (72%) reported having received a primary hepatitis В vaccination series; of these, 150 (68%) tested positive for anti-hepatitis B surface antigen, with negative results significantly associated with receipt of last dose more than 5 years previously. Serologic markers of hepatitis В virus infection were identified in 31 individuals (10%), and the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection was 2% (n = 7). The high hepatitis B vaccination rate limited the ability to identify risk factors for infection, but hepatitis C virus infection correlated with community risk factors only.Conclusion.Although the wide coverage with hepatitis B vaccination and the decreasing rate of hepatitis C virus infection in the general population are encouraging, the high rate of exposure in CHCWs and the lack of exposure documentation are concerns. Continued efforts to develop interventions to reduce exposures and encourage reporting should be implemented and evaluated in correctional healthcare settings. These interventions should address infection control barriers unique to the correctional setting.

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Prevalance and risk factors for development of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in ESRD patients on hemodialysis

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology ◽

10.1016/j.jceh.2013.03.142 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. S68

Author(s):

Harish Kumar Yedla ◽

Y. Sreekanth ◽

Shelley C. Paul ◽

Venkata Reddy ◽

Vishwanath Reddy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Esrd Patients

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Epidemiological Features and Risk Factors for Acquiring Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Syphilis in HIV-Infected Patients in Shaanxi Province, Northwest China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17061990 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 1990

Author(s):

Chao Zhang ◽

Qiang Ren ◽

Wenhui Chang

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Treponema Pallidum ◽

Northwest China ◽

High Rate ◽

Shaanxi Province ◽

Heterosexual Transmission ◽

Hiv Positive

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are at a higher risk for co-infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Treponema pallidum (TP; the agent causing syphilis) than the general population. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and syphilis has geographic differences and varies from region to region among HIV-positive individuals. A retrospective study was carried out on HIV-positive individuals between June 2011 and June 2016 in Shaanxi Province. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses using stepwise regression analysis regarding risk factors for HIV–HBV, HIV–HCV, and HIV–syphilis co-infection. HBV–HCV, HCV–syphilis, HBV–syphilis, and HBV–HCV–syphilis co-infection rates were 1.7%, 2.2%, 2.6%, and 0.1%, respectively. The rate of ineffective hepatitis B vaccine immunization was as high as 30.2% among HIV-positive individuals. Ethnicity (OR = 31.030, 95% CI: 11.643–82.694) and HIV transmission routes (OR = 134.024, 95% CI: 14.328–1253.653) were the risk factors for HCV infection in HIV-positive individuals. Among the HIV-positive individuals with the antibodies of TP, the rate of homosexual transmission was also higher, but heterosexual transmission was lower (OR = 0.549 95% CI: 0.382–0.789) The HIV-infected patients in Shaanxi Province had the characteristics of low active detection rate and late diagnosis. The high rate of ineffective vaccination against HBV suggests a need for improved vaccination services.

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