Plasmodium vivax malaria serological exposure markers: assessing the degree and implications of cross-reactivity with P. knowlesi

SummarySerological exposure markers are a promising tool for surveillance and targeted interventions for Plasmodium vivax malaria. P. vivax is closely related to the zoonotic parasite P. knowlesi, which also infects humans. P. vivax and P. knowlesi are co-endemic across much of South East Asia, making it important to design P. vivax serological markers that minimise cross-reactivity in this region. Our objective was to determine the degree of IgG antibody cross-reactivity against a panel of P. vivax serological markers in samples from human participants with P. knowlesi malaria. We observed higher levels of IgG antibody reactivity against P. vivax proteins that had high levels of sequence identity with their P. knowlesi ortholog. IgG reactivity peaked at 7 days post P. knowlesi infection and was short-lived, with minimal responses detected at 1-year post-infection. Using these data, we designed a panel of 8 P. vivax proteins with low-levels of cross-reactivity with P. knowlesi. This panel was able to accurately classify recent P. vivax infections whilst reducing misclassification of recent P. knowlesi infections.

Classification criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome and its non-criterial manifestations.

Вопросы по критериальным признакам антифосфолипидного синдрома (АФС), в частности о необходимости включения некоторых клинических проявлений, а также серологических маркёров, отличных от классических, остаются актуальными. В обзоре приведены предлагаемые профили некритериальных проявлений АФС, обсуждается необходимость пересмотра классификационных критериев АФС. Today questions about the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) criteria remain actual. This applies in particular about the need to include some clinical manifestations, as well as serological markers that are distinguishable from those classic ones, in APS criteria. The review presents the proposed profiles of non-criterial APS manifestations, and discusses the need to revise APS classification criteria.

Chronic Autoimmune Gastritis: Modern Diagnostic Principles

This article summarizes and systematizes the available data from the literature on chronic autoimmune gastritis (CAG) in order to increase the awareness of specialists about the modern possibilities for diagnosing the disease, including its early stages. The clinical manifestation of the disease includes possible variants such as gastrointestinal, hematological (first of all, the formation of iron deficiency and B12-deficiency anemia), and neurological variants. Patients with chronic autoimmune gastritis are characterized by comorbidity with other autoimmune diseases. In this paper, data on the most informative serological markers for the diagnosis of CAG, as well as laboratory tests to detect micronutrient deficiencies, information on the characteristic changes in the gastric mucosa, and the prognosis of the disease, are presented. The diagnosis of CAG should be based on a multidisciplinary approach that combines a thorough analysis of a patient’s complaints with a mandatory assessment of nutritional status, as well as the results of serological, endoscopic, and histological research methods.

Anti-HBs levels in children under the age of two years born to HBV carrier mothers after immunoprophylaxis: a multicenter cross-sectional study

Background Serological testing for the presence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) markers and anti-HBs titers in infants born to HBsAg positive women is critically important for estimation in immunisation programme. Methods This was a multi-center and cross-sectional study conducted in Zhejiang province, China. Children aged 7 to 24 months born to HBsAg positive women during December 2018 to February 2019, completed additional HBV serological markers screening. We indicated distribution of HBV serological markers and anti-HBs titers in children. Multiple logistic regression model with adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (ORadj and 95% CI) was used to explore the factors associated with inadequate immune response (anti-HBs titers< 100 mIU/ml) among children. Results A total of 1849 children were included. Overall 25 children tested HBsAg positive, giving HBsAg positive rate of 1.35%(95%CI: 0.83-1.88%). 92.00% (23/25) HBsAg positive children were delivered by HBeAg positive mothers. The proportion of protective seroconversion (anti-HBs titers≥10mIU/ml) was 99.29% in all children, and 86.48% children were reported with adequate anti-HBs titers (≥100mIU/ml).We found a significant higher proportions of early antenatal health care (< 13 gestational weeks), and term birth in children with adequate response compared with inadequate response (all P < 0.05). Logistic regression showed preterm birth was a negative factor for inadequate anti-HBs titers (ORadj = 1.868,95%CI 1.132-3.085,P = 0.015). Conclusions Children delivered by HBeAg positive mothers had higher risk of vertical transmission of HBV, despite completion of 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine and HBIG injection. Inadequate anti-HBs level was significantly associated with preterm birth in HBsAg positive women.

CELIAC DISEASE AMONG GASTROINTESTINAL PATIENTS IN YEMEN: ITS PREVALENCE, SYMPTOMS AND ACCOMPANYING SIGNS, AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH AGE AND GENDER

Background and objectives: Celiac disease is a long-standing autoimmune illness that principally affects the small intestine. Typical symptoms comprise digestive problems such as chronic diarrhea, flatulence, malabsorption, loss of appetite, and failure of children to grow normally. The prevalence of celiac disease has not been established in Yemen, either in the general population or in symptomatic patients. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the prevalence of disease in symptomatic patients and to investigate associated symptoms and signs; and whether prevalence of CD varies greatly between different ages and genders in a hospital in Sana'a. Methods: A cross sectional study based on the results of serological markers; IgA anti-tissue glutaminase and small bowel biopsies of 600 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms who were all patients who attended in the research period. Data were collected from hospital records during the period from March 2014 to December 2018. 600 suspected patients (245 males and 355 females) were subjects and the mean age of ±SD patients was 30.6±14.5 years (range 2-92 years). Results: The prevalence of CD among patients with gastrointestinal symptoms was 9.2%. There was a significant association between CD with females (rate being 11.3% , OR=1.9, p=0.03), and 2-19 years age group (21.4% , OR=4.3, p<0.001), Considering the clinical signs and symptoms there was a significant association between celiac disease and chronic diarrhea (OR=18.4), steatorrhea ( OR=9.6), foul odor (OR=8.3), weight loss (OR=5.7), anemia (OR=10.2), abdominal distension (OR=3.1), mouth ulcers (OR=7.2), abdominal bleeding (OR=13.5), diabetes mellitus I (OR=18), and hypothyroidism (OR=79.3). Conclusion: A high rate of CD was identified among gastrointestinal symptoms patients arriving at the general hospital in Sana’a, Yemen, and this demonstrates the importance of general practitioners in identifying patients with CD, especially in the absence of a medical facility for CD, and this was facilitated through the serological markers test. Peer Review History: Received: 11 September 2021; Revised: 12 October; Accepted: 29 October, Available online: 15 November 2021 Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indones UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Dr. Gulam Mohammed Husain, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders, Hyderabad, India, [email protected] Dr. Vanina Doris Edo’o, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroun, [email protected] Similar Articles: THE ASSOCIATION OF ADULT MALE AND FEMALE INFERTILITY WITH CELIAC DISEASE PATIENTS IN YEMEN

A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON VARIOUS SEROLOGICAL MARKERS AND PLATELET COUNT IN DENGUE INFECTION IN AND AROUND KANCHEEPURAM.

INTRODUCTION: Dengue is an acute viral infection with potential fatal complications, presenting with non-specic fever that mimics other febrile illness. Specic antibody detection has been the mainstay of diagnosis which is prone for false positive and negative reactions. The newer parameter NS1 appears to be highly specic and reliable for diagnosis. Therefore, we tried to evaluate the association of platelet counts against NS1 and IgM / IgG in dengue infections. OBJECTIVE: To study the association of thrombocytopenia with NS1 antigen and specic antibodies in dengue infection in kancheepuram population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum samples from clinically suspected dengue cases were tested for NS1,IgM,IgG by immunochromatography – based test. Platelet counts were obtained from all positive cases. Test results of dengue-specic parameters and platelet counts were compared. RESULTS: Of the 612 samples tested, 150 were positive for one or more dengue serological markers. Of the 150, 27(18%) were positive for NS1only, 45(30%)were positive for IgM, 54(36%) were positive for IgG only. Of the 150, 39(26%) showed platelet count less than 1 lakh. CONCLUSION: Inclusion of NS1 in the diagnosis of dengue increases the detection and specicity rate. Thus correlation of platelet count, NS1,IgM and ,IgG gives detailed picture of the stage and prognosis of the disease

SPECTRUM OF HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF DUODENAL BIOPSIES IN PATIENTS WITH UNEXPLAINED ANAEMIA AND CHRONIC DIARRHEA AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH ENDOSCOPIC FINDINGS AND SEROLOGICAL MARKERS

Objective: To evaluate different histopathological patterns and correlate them with indications, findings of Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Esophago-gastro-duodenal (EGD) and serological markers in patients presenting of unexplained anemia and chronic diarrhea. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Pathology and Gastroenterology, Combined Military Hospital Lahore Pakistan, from Jul to Dec 2020. Methodology: Histopathological patterns of endoscopic duodenal biopsies, submitted for evaluation of unexplained anemia and chronic diarrhea were studied. Hemoglobin and anti-tTG levels were recorded. Adults with history of unexplained diarrhea and anaemia were included. Biopsies with malignant diagnosis or unfit for evaluation were excluded. Histopathological patterns were correlated with indications and findings of Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and serological markers of celiac disease. Results: The most common indication for Esophagogastroduodenoscopy in 145 patients was chronic diarrhea. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in 2/3rd of patients revealed no pathology. Histopathological patterns of duodenal biopsies revealed only 15% cases suggestive of celiac disease. Only 12 patients were suggestive of celiac disease both on Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and histopathology combined. Half of patients with anti tTG level >100 u/ml, showed histopathological features of celiac disease on. There was no correlation between histopathological patterns, indications of Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, morphology of Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and serological markers of celiac disease. Conclusion: Indications for Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, Esophagogastroduodenoscopic findings and histopathological patterns cannot diagnose celiac disease alone.

Impact of immunological, hematological and biochemical markers on discordant partners of Hepatitis B infection in Enugu State, Eastern Nigeria

Globally, hepatitis B infection is a serious health problem as its morbities are difficult to handle with the commonly used antivirals. This study therefore aims to evaluate the serological, biochemical and hematological markers of Hepatitis B virus infection in a discordant partner in an attempt to aid proper diagnosis, management and control of the infection. This is a cross-sectional study consisting of 150 subjects recruited using a simple random sampling technique. HBsAg was screened using a rapid ELISA diagnostic strip and rescreened later for confirmation using Ichroma Fluorescence Immunoassay (FIA). HBV Serological markers were determined using HBV 5 panel test, hematological parameters were assessed using Mindray BC 10 automated counter, while liver enzymes were estimated using COBAS 111 analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad Prism. This study demonstrated a varying percentage detection rates of HBV serological markers in both groups: Discordant and Concordant partners (HBsAg- 62%, HBsAb- 4.2%, HBeAg- 2.5%, HBeAb- 50%, HBcAb-60.8%), and Control partners(HBsAg-0%, HBsAb-23.3%, HBeAg-0%, HBeAb- 0%,and HBcAb- 6.7%). The liver enzymes showed significant mean values (P<0.001) for both ALT and AST positive partners when compared to their negative counterparts. Hematological parameters, only hemoglobulin showed a significant mean (P<0.001) on male subjects as against females, while white blood cell and platelets were not statistically significant. There is a need for hepatitis B panel test inclusion in the routine investigation for Hepatitis B viral infection which will contribute immensely in proper clinical management and control of the infection in conjunction with vaccination, while periodic assessment of liver enzymes will ensure proper management of chronic hepatitis B infections.

Seroprevalence of the Serological Markers of Transfusion-Transmissible Infections among Volunteer Blood Donors of Kosti Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital

Background: Transfusion-transmissible infections are well-known global health challenges. The present study is proposed to investigate the seropositivity of anti-HIV1/2, anti-HCV, HBsAg, and anti-T.pallidum among volunteer blood donors of Kosti Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital. Methods: Our study was conducted in a cross-sectional retrospective manner. The data of donors who attended Kosti Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital throughout 2016 to 2018 were reviewed and retrieved manually from blood bank records. Results: Out of 8139 donors, 22.52% were seropositive for serological markers of TTIs and 1.67% were seropositive for at least two serological markers of TTIs. The overall seropositivity rate of anti-HIV1/2, HBsAg, anti-HCV, and anti-T.pallidum was 1.77%, 6.07%, 1.14%, and 11.87%, respectively (p < 0.000). Anti-T.pallidum was the most frequently detected (p < 0.000) marker across all study variables. TTIs seroprevalence was significantly (p < 0.000) varied according to the age, residence, occupations, and blood groups. Notably, there was a rising trend in the rate of anti-HIV1/2 and seropositivity for more than one marker with age (p < 0.000). Regionally, rural area residents had a higher rate of anti-HIV1/2 (2.20%), HBsAg (6.31%), anti-HCV (1.42%), anti-T.pallidum (18.38%), and multiple markers seropositivity (2.28%) compared to urban areas. Between occupations, the highest rate of anti-HIV1/2 (p = 0.497), HBsAg (p = 0.003), anti-HCV (p = 0.385), anti-T.pallidum (p < 0.000), and multiple markers seropositivity (p < 0.000) were detected in farmers. Regarding the screening, we also found that the frequency of anti-T.pallidum was significantly (p = 0.004) higher in donors that carry the AB+ve blood group, whereas anti-HCV (1.83%) was more frequent in O−ve blood groups (p = 0.004). Anti-T.pallidum+HBsAg was the most frequently (1.22%) co-occurring marker. In contrast, anti-T.pallidum+anti-HIV1/2+HBsAg was the lowest frequency marker (p < 0.000). Conclusions: The study showed an alarming rate of TTIs, which suggests the requirement for comprehensive surveillance and health education programs.