scholarly journals The Ethics of Price Discrimination

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan M. Elegido
Keyword(s):  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Uniform Pricing ◽  
Differential Pricing

ABSTRACT:Price discrimination is the practice of charging different customers different prices for the same product. Many people consider price discrimination unfair, but economists argue that in many cases price discrimination is more likely to lead to greater welfare than is the uniform pricing alternative—sometimes for every party in the transaction. This article shows i) that there are many situations in which it is necessary to engage in differential pricing in order to make the provision of a product possible; and ii) that in many such situations, the seller does not obtain an above-average rate of return. It concludes that price discrimination is not inherently unfair. The article also contends that even when conditions i) and/or ii) do not obtain, price discrimination is not necessarily unethical. In itself, the fact that some people get an even better deal than do others does not entail that the latter are wronged.

TINJAUAN STUDI KELAYAKAN USAHA BADAN USAHA MILIK DESA (NAGARI) KAMANG HILIA SEJAHTERA KENAGARIAN KAMANG HILIA, KECAMATAN KAMANG MAGEK, KABUPATEN AGAM, PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Halkadri Fitra ◽  
Salma Taqwa ◽  
Charoline Cheisviyanny ◽  
Abel Tasman ◽  
Nurzi Sebrina
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Internal Rate

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kelayakan aspek keuangan usaha grosir sembako Badan Usaha Milik Desa (Nagari) Kamang Hilia Sejahtera di Kenagarian Kamang Hilia Kecamatan Kamang Magek Kabupaten Agam Provinsi Sumatera Barat yang dilakukan pada tahun 2018. Penelitian bersifat deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode cash flow analysis, payback period, net present value, profitability index, internal rate of return, dan average rate of return. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai net cash flow Badan Usaha Milik Desa (Nagari) Kamang Hilia Sejahtera adalah positif yaitu Rp.21.774.000, nilai payback period adalah 1,15 tahun, nilai net present value positif sebesar Rp.10.680.034,47, nilai profitability index adalah positif 1,37, sedangkan nilai internal rate of return adalah 46,7% dan nilai average rate of return adalah 57,23%. Berdasarkan standar penilaian maka semua metode yang digunakan memberikan kesimpulan bahwa usaha grosir sembako milik Badan Usaha Milik Desa (Nagari) Kamang Hilia Sejahtera dalam kategori layak untuk dilaksanakan.

scholarly journals An economic analysis of ransomware and its welfare consequences

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 190023
Author(s):  
J. Hernandez-Castro ◽  
A. Cartwright ◽  
E. Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Welfare Costs ◽  
Pilot Survey ◽  
Uniform Pricing ◽  
The Future ◽  
Welfare Consequences ◽  
New Form

We present in this work an economic analysis of ransomware, a relatively new form of cyber-enabled extortion. We look at how the illegal gains of the criminals will depend on the strategies they use, examining uniform pricing and price discrimination. We also explore the welfare costs to society of such strategies. In addition, we present the results of a pilot survey which demonstrate proof of concept in evaluating the costs of ransomware attacks. We discuss at each stage whether the different strategies we analyse have been encountered already in existing malware, and the likelihood of them being implemented in the future. We hope this work will provide some useful insights for predicting how ransomware may evolve in the future.

scholarly journals Use of Probabilistic Cash Flows in Analyzing Investments Under Conditions of Risk and Uncertainty

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Richardson ◽  
Harry P. Mapp
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Capital Budgeting ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Perfect Knowledge ◽  
Net Returns

Managers of business firms, large or small, farm or nonfarm, must make investment decisions under conditions of risk and uncertainty. However, in evaluating investments, the assumption of perfect knowledge has often been used to simplify the analysis. For example, an estimate of average annual net returns is frequently discounted into perpetuity to evaluate a real estate investment alternative. Capital budgeting literature suggests a number of approaches to evaluating alternative investments. However, use of concepts such as the payback period, average rate of return, internal rate of return and net present value embodies the assumption of perfect knowledge.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN BISNIS CAFE PADA KHALIZTA COFFEE & RESTO KOTA PEMATANGSIANTAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-158
Author(s):  
Lika Pasaribu ◽  
Liharman Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Internal Rate

Studi kelayakan bisnis merupakan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk memutuskan apakah sebuah ide bisnis layak atau tidak. Cafe Khalizta Coffee & Resto Kota Pematangsiantar merupakan salah satu café yang baru berjalan selama 11 bulan, sehingga akan diuji apakah usaha tersebut telah layak berdasarkan aspek keuangan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis didapat bahwa aspek keuangan  dikatakan layak, dengan nilai Payback Period (PP) 1 tahun 6 bulan 23 hari. Nilai Net Present Value (NPV) 1.186.386.674, nilai Profitability Index (PI) 2,68, nilai Internal Rate of Return (IRR) sebesar 101%,  nilai Average Rate of Return (ARR) 108 %  aspek keuangan dinyatakan layak dan dapat dilanjutkan

scholarly journals Impact of National Generic Dairy Advertising on Dairy Markets, 1984–95

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry M. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Return On Investment ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
National Level ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Dairy Markets ◽  
High Return

AbstractThe impacts of generic dairy advertising on retail, wholesale, and farm dairy markets are estimated in this study at the national level. The results indicate that generic dairy advertising had a major impact on retail, wholesale, and farm markets for the dairy industry. The main conclusion of the study is that farmers are receiving a high return on their investment in generic dairy advertising, i.e., an average rate of return of $3.40 for every dollar invested over the period 1984–95. Moreover, the return on investment in advertising was higher in the most recent year, almost double the average for the previous 11 years.

Third-Degree Price Discrimination with Buyer Power

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Inderst ◽  
Tommaso Valletti
Keyword(s):  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Outside Option ◽  
Uniform Pricing ◽  
Outside Options ◽  
Buyer Power ◽  
Pricing Power

Abstract This paper introduces a model of third-degree price discrimination where a seller's pricing power is constrained by buyers' outside options. Price uniformity performs more efficiently than discriminatory pricing, as uniform pricing allows weaker buyers to exploit the more attractive outside option of stronger buyers. This mechanism is markedly different from the mechanisms that are at work in case uniform pricing is imposed on an unconstrained monopolist.

Third-Degree Price Discrimination in the Presence of Subsidies

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Felder
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Drug Price ◽  
Classical Result ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sector ◽  
Uniform Pricing

Abstract According to a classical result, a move from uniform pricing to third-degree price discrimination only improves welfare if total output increases. In this paper I show that the classical result fails in the presence of subsidies. This finding appears to be relevant for the pharmaceutical sector where a consumer pays a fraction of the actual drug price due to health insurance coverage.

scholarly journals Systematic and Unsystematic Risk of Rates of Return Associated with Selected Forest Products Companies

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Hotvedt ◽  
Philip L. Tedder
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Risk Class ◽  
Process Risk

The objective of most investors in stocks or other assets is to maximize the expected returns in a given risk class; in other words, to minimize risk for a given level of expected returns. Although “risk” may connote the chance of injury or loss, the term is not defined so narrowly in this article. Rather, it is used to reflect volatility in stock or other assets' rates of return and should not be confused with risk and uncertainty in the production process. Risk, as approached herein, equals the variance of historical rates of return about the average rate of return.

scholarly journals Application of Capital Budgeting Method to Evaluate Investment Decisions on Additions to Fixed Assets at PT Hatten Bali

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Gede Wahyu Pradnyawati ◽  
◽  
I M A Putrayasa ◽  
I G A O Sudiadnyani ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Capital Budgeting ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Research Analysis

This research was conducted to evaluate the investment decision to add fixed assets by PT Hatten Bali using the capital budgeting method. The results of this study are expected to be used as material for evaluating the application of the capital budgeting method in making investment decisions on fixed assets at PT Hatten Bali. The data used for this study were obtained from interviews and documentation and were analyzed using descriptive qualitative research analysis techniques with a case study approach. Based on the results of research using the capital budgeting method which consists of the method of calculating the payback period, net present value, profitability index, internal rate of return and average rate of return, all of which have shown a favorable results. From these results it can be concluded that the investment decision to add fixed assets in the form of distribution vehicles made by PT Hatten Bali can benefit the company in stable sales conditions and the application of capital budgeting methods can reduce the risk of errors or failures in making investment decisions and improve subsequent investment decisions.

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