Environmental Aesthetics and Chinese Gardens

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-65
Author(s):  
Dušan Pajin ◽  

Analysis of Chinese landscape design offered a challenge to test the concepts of environmental aesthetics developed in the West. With comparative approach we improved our understanding of art and environment, and of different strategies (inspired by Taoist, and/or Buddhist concepts) in designing forms of Chinese gardens. In order to describe the "hidden" symbohsm of Chinese landscape design we applied various concepts and metaphors: completeness, large and small, mirror and mirroring, garden as entrance and separate reality, disclosure and concealment, and returning to the source.

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4433 (3) ◽  
pp. 561
Author(s):  
SEBASTIAN KVIST ◽  
CHRISTER ERSÉUS

Two new species of Tubificoides (subfamily Tubificinae), T. charlotteae n. sp. and T. mackiei n. sp., are described based on morphological analyses. Both species were flagged as potentially cryptic in a previous investigation, based on both mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Tubificoides charlotteae n. sp., known only from an intertidal site in southern Spain, is characterized by the lack of cuticular papillation, the possession of several needle-like hair chaetae in dorsal bundles, a cone-shaped penis sheath, and a rather large, muscular penial sac. It strongly resembles the north-west European, largely sublittoral species T. amplivasatus, but differs from this species in terms of body size, width of vas deferens, and the shape and size of both the ejaculatory duct and penial sac. Tubificoides mackiei n. sp., collected from the southeast coast of Norway and the west coast of Sweden, is characterized by the lack of cuticular papillae and hair chaetae, and the possession of a rather long penis sheath with a wide terminal opening. It shares several morphological features with the sympatric species Tubificoides pseudogaster, but is distinguished from the latter by the detailed morphology and length of the penis sheaths, the width of the atrium, and the lower maximal number of bifid chaetae in dorsal preclitellar bundles. The utility of an integrative comparative approach, combining molecules and morphology, for the identification and delineation of new taxa within Tubificoides is briefly discussed. 


2020 ◽  
pp. 9-23
Author(s):  
Tomasz Grzegorz Grosse

The aim of the article is to show the condition of Polish democracy on the example of two elections held in 2019 and 2020. The elections brought about a positive phenomenon for democ racy, which is an increase in voter turnout. On the other hand, negative phenomena appeared, in particular the violent political polarization within the political community. The example of the Polish elections was then confronted with the perception of democracy among Polish society in a comparative approach, i.e. against the perception of other European nations. Against this background, the assessment of Polish democracy by Poles is exceptionally positive. Later in the article, an attempt was made to consider to what extent the integration processes may be responsible for weakening democracy in the Member States, as well as for the decline in trust in democratic institutions in the west and southern part of the continent.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Guarde-Paz

ABSTRACTThe pedagogical crisis that the West faces today, so brilliantly foreseen by Hannah Arendt in this essay “The Crisis in Education”, is now confirmed by all those educators who must confront daily the result of diluting pedagogical standards and the loss of moral and professional authority. Education is essential in defining a country’s quality of life and, therefore, a crisis in education is also a crisis in all spheres, including social, financial and, last but not least, political. The present paper seeks to explore, through two different models –Greece and China–, how education and knowledge were understood in antiquity and to what extend classical philosophers can still teach us, with common sense, how to deal with such methodological problems. Using a comparative approach, we will analyze Greek theories of knowledge and epistemological and pedagogical issues in classical and early medieval Confucianism, emphasizing their strategies to defend against relativism, opinion and empty accumulation of wisdom, and to advocate truth and scientific and meticulous selection of knowledge. Finally, we will stress the urging necessity of recovering our classical heritage in order to properly improve educational standards.RESUMENLa actual crisis pedagógica que vive Occidente, constatada por todos aquellos educadores que deben enfrentarse diariamente a unos estándares cada vez más bajos y al consecuente perjuicio en lo que a la autoridad del profesorado se refiere, fue ya profetizada en su momento por Hannah Arendt (“The Crisis in Education”). La educación es uno de los factores más importantes para definir la calidad de vida de un país y, desde esta perspectiva, una crisis educativa es una crisis en todos los ámbitos sociales, económicos y, en última instancia, políticos. El presente artículo intenta exponer cómo la educación y el conocimiento fueron concebidos en la antigüedad a través de dos modelos, Grecia y China, para mostrar así en qué medida los autores clásicos pueden todavía enseñarnos con sentido común a afrontar los problemas metodológicos actuales. Mediante una exposición comparativa, se analizarán las teorías clásicas griegas, así como la epistemología y pedagogía en el confucianismo clásico y tempranomedieval, destacando cómo estos autores confrontaron relativismo, opinión y acumulación vacía de conoci-miento, frente a la búsqueda de la verdad y la selección cuidadosa y científica de saber. En última instancia, destacaremos la necesidad de recuperar nuestra tradición clásica para mantener un nivel educativo adecuado.


Afrika Focus ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bagalwa Basemake Gaspard Muheme

This article aims at deepening our understanding of the concept informal economy. It is the case that definitions with regard to the reality of this phenomenon vary in function of the author and the countries studied. Indeed, the concept needs to be discussed right across the countries of the West, the East European countries under the old system, i.e. until 1990, and the countries of Africa.With regard to the informal economy in Africa, the characteristics of irrationality and the lack of initiative on the part of economic agents has often been posited. However, this economic phenomenon is neither exclusive to Africa nor is it confined to the present time. Only a comparative approach will enable one to arrive at some precision with regard to the concepts used in the economic literature. Our primary goal is to place this informal economy within the global perspective of African development. This informal economy sets itself up as a creative attempt, often able to give efficient answers, whether in the field of agriculture or in other forms of activity, to the challenges of badly mismanaged societies.KEY WORDS: informal economy, plural activities, integrative economy, petty commodity production and consumption, interdependency of sectors 


1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Slobin

1959 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping-Ti Ho

Social mobility in traditional China, particularly during the last two dynasties, Ming (1368–1644) and Ch'ing (1644–1911), for which ample data are available, deserves systematic study by both Chinese and Western historians and social scientists. It is remarkable to observe that in a meticulously “regulated” society such as traditional China's, there was probably a greater amount of vertical mobility, both upward and downward, than is usually found in pre-modern and modern societies of the West. What makes this more striking is the fact that it occurred in a society which for twenty-five centuries believed in the inequality of men. For this reason alone the question of social mobility in traditional China should be of more than usual interest to theoretical sociologists with a comparative approach to their subject. Owing to the author's limited knowledge of Western sociology and also because of limitations of space, this article deals mainly with China, although brief comparisons with pre-modern and modern Western societies will be attempted at certain points.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adom Getachew ◽  
Karuna Mantena

Abstract This essay surveys some recent attempts to decolonize political theory and engage with non-western political thinkers and traditions, especially anticolonialism. Our concern is that these engagements remain too centered on western political thought as the object of critique and analysis. Through the example of Gandhi and Fanon, we argue that anticolonialism, while engaged in a critique of the west, also had a positive or reconstructive theoretical agenda, one that has been taken up in creative ways in postcolonial political thought. Taking cues from the work of Sudipta Kaviraj, Partha Chatterjee, and Mahmood Mamdani, the essay proposes an alternative mode of decolonizing political theory that takes as its central aim the generation of theory from a study of postcolonial politics. It argues for a historically attuned and comparative approach to postcolonial politics that aims to innovate new concepts and reanimate inherited ones. From this perspective, decolonizing political theory is less a recurring critique of Eurocentrism than an effort to shift the terrain of theorizing and thereby reinvigorate the practice of political theory as such.


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