Aspects of Social Mobility in China, 1368–1911

1959 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping-Ti Ho
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The West ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
Vertical Mobility

Social mobility in traditional China, particularly during the last two dynasties, Ming (1368–1644) and Ch'ing (1644–1911), for which ample data are available, deserves systematic study by both Chinese and Western historians and social scientists. It is remarkable to observe that in a meticulously “regulated” society such as traditional China's, there was probably a greater amount of vertical mobility, both upward and downward, than is usually found in pre-modern and modern societies of the West. What makes this more striking is the fact that it occurred in a society which for twenty-five centuries believed in the inequality of men. For this reason alone the question of social mobility in traditional China should be of more than usual interest to theoretical sociologists with a comparative approach to their subject. Owing to the author's limited knowledge of Western sociology and also because of limitations of space, this article deals mainly with China, although brief comparisons with pre-modern and modern Western societies will be attempted at certain points.

scholarly journals Mobilitas Sosial Keluarga Transmigrasi Penempatan Tahun 1981 dan Keturunannya di Desa Krueng Itam Kecamatan Tadu Raya Kabupaten Nagan Raya

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-104
Author(s):  
Diah Hastuti ◽  
Ahmad Hamid ◽  
Edy Marsudi
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Vertical Mobility

Abstrak. Mobilitas  sosial  merupakan  perpindahan  dari  suatu kelas sosial ke kelas sosial lainnya yang biasanya ditunjukkan melalui  pekerjaan sekarang yang berbeda dari pekerjaan sebelumnya. Salah satu keberhasilan dari adanya program transmigrasi adalah terjadinya mobilitas sosial ke arah yang lebih baik pada peserta transmigrasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana mobilitas sosial yang terjadi pada peserta transmigrasi dan keturunannya, untuk mengetahui seberapa besar terjadi mobilitas vertikal antar generasi dan untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat kesejahteraan keluarga transmigrasi menurut indikator BKKBN. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dilihat dari pekerjaan generasi I dan II tidak terjadi mobilitas sosial, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 66 responden yang terdiri dari 3 generasi yang mana pada generasi I dan generasi II pekerjaan mereka masih sebagai petani yang berubah hanya status pekerjaannya saja, namun pada generasi III selain responden bekerja sebagai petani ada responden yang bekerja sebagai pegawai/karyawan, dilihat dari pendidikan hanya generasi III yang pendidikannya lebih baik dibandingkan generasi sebelumnya, dan dilihat dari kepemilikan Aset generasi II dan III lebih baik dibandingkan generasi I nya. Mobilitas vertikal antar generasi terbesar yang terjadi adalah berdasarkan pendidikan yaitu sebesar 54,5%. Untuk pentahapan keluarga sejahtera menurut BKKBN, terdapat sebanyak 20,4% keluarga transmigrasi yang berada pada kategori Keluarga Prasejahtera, Keluarga Sejahtera I sebesar 75,9%, dan Keluarga Sejahtera II sebesar 3,7%.Transmigration Family Social Mobility In Placement In 1981 And Their Descendants In The Village Of  Krueng Itam Sub-District Of Tadu Raya Nagan Raya RegencyAbstract. Social mobility is the movement of a social class to other social classes are usually shown through the work now is different from previous work. One of the success of the transmigration program is social mobility towards better on participants transmigration. This study aims to determine how the social mobility that occurs in the transmigration of participants and their descendants, to know how big happening vertical mobility between generations and to identify the level of family welfare indicators transmigration according to BKKBN. The data used are primary data and secondary data. The analytical method used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The results showed that the views of the work first generation and the second generation does not occur social mobility, with a total sample of 66 respondents consisting of three generations of which the first generation and the second generation of their work is still as farmers are changing only the status of the job, but at generation III besides the respondents worked as farmers there are respondents who worked as an employee/employees, viewed from education only generation III are better educated than previous generations, and the views of the ownership of generation assets II and III generation better than generation I. The vertical mobility between generations that happens is by education that is equal to 54.5%. For a prosperous family phasing BKKBN, there are as many as 20.4% of families transmigration in the category Pre-Welfare Family, Family Welfare I equal to 75.9%, and Family Welfare II amounted to 3.7%.

‘Old Mobilities’? Transatlantic Women from the West of Ireland 1880s–1920s

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bronwen Walter
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
First Century ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The West ◽  
Chain Migration ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
West Of Ireland

The ‘new mobilities paradigm’ set out by Sheller and Urry (2006) and others urges social scientists to centre many interlocking mobilities in their analyses of contemporary social change, challenging taken-for-granted sedentarism. Drawing on the example of Irish women's chain migration from small farms in the West of Ireland to the East coast of the USA in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this paper explores a longer history of high levels of mobility. Whilst migration lay at the heart of the movement, it encompassed a much wider range of movements of people, information and material goods. The ‘moorings’ of women in the their workplace-homes on rural farms and in urban domestic service constituted a gendered immobility, but migration also opened up new opportunities for intra-urban moves, circulatory Transatlantic journeys and upward social mobility. The materiality of such ‘old’ mobility provides an early baseline against which to assess the huge scale of rapidly-changing hyper-mobility and instantaneous communication in the twenty-first century.

Foundations of Islamic Economy, Islamic Scholarship, Mass Media, Linguistic Turn, and Social Mobility

2016 ◽  
pp. 234-249
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
The Political ◽  
September 11Th ◽  
The West ◽  
Linguistic Turn ◽  
Political Religion ◽  
Fresh Perspective ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Impact

The world's reaction to the September 11th, 2001, event demonstrated its minimal understanding of Muslim societies from sociological, psychological, economic, and political perspectives.. In this chapter, socio-cultural, political, legal and historical forms of Islamic conditioning are reviewed to manifest how the Shi'ite clerical establishment became lenient towards what Weber called traditional capitalism. The impact of colonialism on Islamic societies and the political-religion bifurcations are discussed. A new and useful explanation of Islamic societies will assist one in looking at the Islamic world from a new perspective by synthesizing sociological and economic viewpoints, especially given the uneven globalization that is affecting Muslim societies. Patterns of intergenerational mobility in industrial nations and Islamic societies are reviewed. Only by developing a fresh perspective on the struggle of Muslim societies can the West understand how best to engage with these countries in order to precipitate reform and vastly improved relations. We concur with Esposito (1999) that our challenge is to better understand the history and realities of the Muslim world and to recognize the diversity and many faces of Islam.

scholarly journals Social Policy and the New Middle Class in Central and Eastern Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (806) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Tomasz Inglot
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
The West ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
New Middle Class ◽  
The World ◽  
Radical Shift

“The region has seen a radical shift from widespread unemployment to labor shortages, a historic expansion in higher-education opportunities, and unprecedented mass migration to the West.” Seventh in a series on social mobility around the world.

Political Change in Guatemalan Indian Communities

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland H. Ebel
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Broad Area ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The West ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Modernization ◽  
Catch Up

The international tensions produced in our world by the drive of the so-called under-developed societies to catch up economically with the industrialized countries of the West have compelled social scientists to focus their attention increasingly upon the social processes which are necessary if this development is to be achieved with a minimum of inefficiency and strife. That aspect of this very broad area which is of greatest concern to political scientists is usually called “political modernization.” One of the most efficient ways to study the process of political modernization is to view it as it operates at the level of the local community. In fact, it might be postulated that in those societies variously called under-developed, traditional, or primitive, it is, in the final analysis, the community and not the nation that most directly participates in this process.

Response to Baer and Bositis

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Bethke Elshtain
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Methodological Individualism ◽  
Psychological Explanation ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The West ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
Mary Midgley

Baer and Bositis's openness in taking biology seriously is welcome and refreshing. For good reasons and bad, social scientists, including those who see themselves as feminist, have suppressed consideration of biological realities. They have tended, implicitly, to accept the notion of tabula rasa-that “blank” creature waiting to be written on by the organized forces of society-that underlies so much political theorizing in the West. As the philosopher Mary Midgley points out in her fascinating book, Beast terpretive account of human thought and action that aims for understanding and probes meaning.) The method understood as scientific, and the authors implicitly endorse it, is one that may broadly be called methodological individualism. One builds from certain rock-bottom particulars- adding them up, or relating them to one another- and the sum of these particulars is one's explanation of a given phenomenon. “Science,” says Hobbes, “is the knowledge of consequences and the dependence of one fact upon another.” I Baer and Bositis implicitly endorse this model, despite the fact that natural sclentists long ago gave up on this understanding of causality. So-although they are absolutely correct to argue that “psychological” explanation alone will not serve, nor will social learning arguments-the particular way in which they draw biology into the picture simply affixes it to the multi-causal scene as another variable or set of variables to be concatenated with many others.

Can Germany Become a Major Ally of Ukraine? Counterintuitive Deliberations on a Coming Partnership between Kyiv and Berlin

World Affairs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 183 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-89
Author(s):  
Andreas Umland
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The West ◽  
German Government ◽  
Cultural Policies ◽  
Central Focus ◽  
Industrial Companies ◽  
Political Economic

Over the last few years, intergovernmental affairs and the roles of individual countries within the West have started to shift. In response, Kyiv (Kiev) should reorder the priorities and emphases of its foreign political, economic, and cultural policies. The central focus of this re-orientation should be more resolute than the hitherto deepening of Ukrainian relations has been, not only with the German government but also with the broader political elite, industrial companies, and the civil society of the Federal Republic. A recent systematic study of German perceptions of Ukraine can help develop new approaches, initiatives, and policies to reach a new level of German–Ukrainian partnership.

Two new European species of the marine genus Tubificoides (Annelida: Clitellata: Naididae) with notes on the morphology of T. pseudogaster (Dahl, 1960)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4433 (3) ◽  
pp. 561
Author(s):  
SEBASTIAN KVIST ◽  
CHRISTER ERSÉUS
Keyword(s):  
Previous Investigation ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Intertidal Site

Two new species of Tubificoides (subfamily Tubificinae), T. charlotteae n. sp. and T. mackiei n. sp., are described based on morphological analyses. Both species were flagged as potentially cryptic in a previous investigation, based on both mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Tubificoides charlotteae n. sp., known only from an intertidal site in southern Spain, is characterized by the lack of cuticular papillation, the possession of several needle-like hair chaetae in dorsal bundles, a cone-shaped penis sheath, and a rather large, muscular penial sac. It strongly resembles the north-west European, largely sublittoral species T. amplivasatus, but differs from this species in terms of body size, width of vas deferens, and the shape and size of both the ejaculatory duct and penial sac. Tubificoides mackiei n. sp., collected from the southeast coast of Norway and the west coast of Sweden, is characterized by the lack of cuticular papillae and hair chaetae, and the possession of a rather long penis sheath with a wide terminal opening. It shares several morphological features with the sympatric species Tubificoides pseudogaster, but is distinguished from the latter by the detailed morphology and length of the penis sheaths, the width of the atrium, and the lower maximal number of bifid chaetae in dorsal preclitellar bundles. The utility of an integrative comparative approach, combining molecules and morphology, for the identification and delineation of new taxa within Tubificoides is briefly discussed. 

Environmental Aesthetics and Chinese Gardens

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-65
Author(s):  
Dušan Pajin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Design ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Environmental Aesthetics ◽  
The West ◽  
Chinese Gardens

Analysis of Chinese landscape design offered a challenge to test the concepts of environmental aesthetics developed in the West. With comparative approach we improved our understanding of art and environment, and of different strategies (inspired by Taoist, and/or Buddhist concepts) in designing forms of Chinese gardens. In order to describe the "hidden" symbohsm of Chinese landscape design we applied various concepts and metaphors: completeness, large and small, mirror and mirroring, garden as entrance and separate reality, disclosure and concealment, and returning to the source.

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