A Century of Theological and Religious Studies in Britain, 1902-2002

2004 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World Views ◽  
Historical Criticism ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Theological Thought

The chapters in this book give an account of how the agenda for theology and religious studies was set and reset throughout the twentieth century – by rapid and at times cataclysmic changes (wars, followed by social and academic upheavals in the 1960s), by new movements of thought, by a bounty of archaeological discoveries, and by unprecedented archival research. Further new trends of study and fresh approaches (existentialist, Marxian, postmodern) have in more recent years generated new quests and horizons for reflection and research. Theological enquiry in Great Britain was transformed in the late nineteenth century through the gradual acceptance of the methods and results of historical criticism. New agendas emerged in the various sub-disciplines of theology and religious studies. Some of the issues raised by biblical criticism, for example Christology and the ‘quest of the historical Jesus’, were to remain topics of controversy throughout the twentieth century. In other important and far-reaching ways, however, the agendas that seemed clear in the early part of the century were abandoned, or transformed and replaced, not only as a result of new discoveries and movements of thought, but also by the unfolding events of a century that brought the appalling carnage and horror of two world wars. Their aftermath brought a shattering of inherited world views, including religious world views, and disillusion with the optimistic trust in inevitable progress that had seemed assured in many quarters and found expression in widely influential ‘liberal’ theological thought of the time. The centenary of the British Academy in 2002 has provided a most welcome opportunity for reconsidering the contribution of British scholarship to theological and religious studies in the last hundred years.

Main Trends of Islamic Theological Thought from the Late Nineteenth Century to Present Times

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rotraud Wielandt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Theological Thought ◽  
Islamic Modernism

This chapter examines the main trends of Islamic theological thought from the late nineteenth century to the present times, tracing developments in various Arab countries, in Turkey, Iran and India, Central Asia and Indonesia. It begins by tackling the question of the relation between indigenous roots and modern Western stimuli, tradition and innovation in Islamic theology during this period. Subsequently the author discussed the innovative trends. An overview of the theological ideas of the pioneers of Islamic modernism, the Indian Sayyid Ahmad Khan and the Egyptian Muḥammad ʿAbduh, is given, followed by an analysis of the views of modernist theological thinkers of the early twentieth century. Next the theology of the Indian philosopher and poet Muhammad Iqbal, an eminent example of theological modernism between the two world wars, is addressed. Another section deals with new hermeneutical and epistemological approaches to the Qurʾānic revelation. Finally the development of the interest in a new kind of philosophy-basedkalāmis delineated from their beginnings with Sayyid Ahmad Khan up to their present-day Iranian, Turkish and Arab protagonists.

Manifestations of Imperial Terror in Colonial Kenya, 1890s–1960s

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy H. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Mau Mau ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Internal Struggle ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter analyzes political violence in Kenya from the late nineteenth century to the 1960s. In a study of the “pacification campaigns” conducted by the Imperial British East Africa Company against the Kikuyu and Nandi communities at the turn of the twentieth century, the chapter describes the use of spectacular violence on both sides. It then offers an explanation for why there were no major outbursts of political violence during the Kenyan colonial regime. Finally, it analyzes the internal struggle in post‒World War II Kenya known as the “Mau Mau Emergency,” which has conventionally been characterized as a nationalist uprising but which was in fact a Kikuyu civil war that had the effect of a neo-pacification campaign. The chapter thus calls into question basic assumptions about powerless nonstate actors and a powerful state, inviting a reevaluation of these ideas by scholars of terrorism.

Queering Brighton

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Whiteley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Local History ◽  
Sexual Practices ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Queer Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The 1960S

Every place has its local history of queerness, as shown in this chronicle of queerness in Brighton, England. The author sketches an account of Brighton’s non-normative sexual practices and sexually dissident residents and visitors, especially from the late nineteenth century on. The discussion identifies many gay clubs and other sites of queer community. Two examples illustrate aspects of mid-twentieth-century queer culture: the 1960s radio comedy “Round the Horne,” rich in camp humor and using the queer underground language Polari; and a recent poem by Brighton poet John McCullough that shows nostalgic affection for Polari. The author includes information about her own initiation into the gay world of Brighton. The queer culture of Brighton has produced extensive historical and present-day local self-documentation on websites, which provides much of the information for this discussion.

Scottish Missionaries, ‘Protestant Hinduism’ and the Scottish Sense of Empire in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-century India

2007 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Constable
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Western India ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Church Of Scotland ◽  
Free Church ◽  
Intellectual Engagement ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Church

This article examines the Scottish missionary contribution to a Scottish sense of empire in India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Initially, the article reviews general historiographical interpretations which have in recent years been developed to explain the Scottish relationship with British imperial development in India. Subsequently the article analyses in detail the religious contributions of Scottish Presbyterian missionaries of the Church of Scotland and the Free Church Missions to a Scottish sense of empire with a focus on their interaction with Hindu socioreligious thought in nineteenth-century western India. Previous missionary historiography has tended to focus substantially on the emergence of Scottish evangelical missionary activity in India in the early nineteenth century and most notably on Alexander Duff (1806–78). Relatively little has been written on Scottish Presbyterian missions in India in the later nineteenth century, and even less on the significance of their missionary thought to a Scottish sense of Indian empire. Through an analysis of Scottish Presbyterian missionary critiques in both vernacular Marathi and English, this article outlines the orientalist engagement of Scottish Presbyterian missionary thought with late nineteenth-century popular Hinduism. In conclusion this article demonstrates how this intellectual engagement contributed to and helped define a Scottish missionary sense of empire in India.

Chinese toms in the making of the drum kit: Localization and exoticism

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
New Music ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Future ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The late nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth century saw the drum kit emerge as an assemblage of musical instruments that was central to much new music of the time and especially to the rise of jazz. This article is a study of Chinese drums in the making of the drum kit. The notions of localization and exoticism are applied as conceptual tools for interpreting the place of Chinese drums in the early drum kit. Why were distinctly Chinese drums used in the early drum kit? How did the Chinese drums shape the future of the drum kit? The drum kit has been at the heart of most popular music throughout the twentieth century to the present day, and, as such, this article will be beneficial to educators, practitioners and scholars of popular music education.

Sport and the Imperial Bond: The 1911 ‘All-India’ Cricket Tour of Great Britain

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 261-285
Author(s):  
Prashant Kidambi
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Princely State ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Summary This article explores the interplay of sport, politics and public diplomacy through a case study of the first ‘Indian’ cricket tour of Great Britain in 1911, an extraordinary venture peopled by an improbable cast of characters. Led by the young Maharaja Bhupindar Singh, the newly enthroned ruler of the princely state of Patiala, the team contained in its ranks cricketers who were drawn from different Indian regions and religious communities. The article examines the politics of this intriguing cricket tour against a wider backdrop of changing Indo-British relations and makes three key points. First, it suggests that the processes of ‘imperial globalization’ that were presided over by the British in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries marked an important epoch in the evolving relationship between sport and diplomacy. In particular, it highlights the role of sporting tours as instruments of public diplomacy in the age of empire. Second, it shows how the organization of the 1911 tour reflected the workings of a trans-national ‘imperial class regime’ that had developed around cricket in colonial India from the late nineteenth century onwards. Finally, the article considers the symbolic significance that came to be attached to the tour, both in imperial Britain and in colonial India.

scholarly journals Hearing through the théâtrophone: Sonically constructed spaces and embodied listening in the late nineteenth-century French theatre

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Van Drie
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Teenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
French Theatre ◽  
Subscription Service ◽  
Theoretical Reflection ◽  
A Performance

This article presents a historical and theoretical reflection of the théâtrophone, a late nine- teenth-century telephone broadcast service that allowed users at a distance to listen in live to local theatre performances (spoken theatre, opera and musical concerts). Often cited as the first binaural experience in 1881, the théâtrophone’s much longer history as a subscription service, which operated in Paris from 1889 through the mid-1930s, is relatively unknown. This article considers what hearing through a théâtrophone meant to nineteenth- and twentieth- century users beyond its initial 1881 prototype. To hear through the théâtrophone means adopting a methodology mirroring the artefact itself: moving between social, professional, artistic, sensory registers. In doing so, the ways in which the théâtrophone was attuned to dis- course and practice emerge, as do more subtle processes involved in new nineteenth-century constructs of hearing and listening. Precisely the théâtrophone’s development is examined in relation to its particular social context: its installation on the spectacular Parisian boulevards and its relation to fin de siècle theatre culture. The article first investigates how theatrophonic listening was accorded to existent practices of theatre-going. Second, the article explores the more radical propositions of the théâtrophone in relation to important aesthetic and prac- tical changes occurring simultaneously in theatre culture. The théâtrophone’s virtual sonic experience multiplied the forms of a performance and its modalities of creation and recep- tion. Through accounts of ‘listening in’ the aspects of the new sonically constructed space are described, as are postures of early mediatised listening. The article posits that new modalities of listening are articulated through the théâtrophone, with certain users, including Proust, defining it as a monitoring and creative tool. In this capacity, ‘theatrophonic’ listening contrib- uted to the development of a refined ear, capable of detecting sonic nuance, which was central to artistic sensibilities at the time. 

scholarly journals The Irish Céilí: A Site for Constructing, Experiencing, and Negotiating a Sense of Community and Identity

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Foley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Dance ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
A Site ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Important Site

For over a hundred years the Irish céilí, as an ‘invented’ social dance event and mode of interaction, has played a significant and changing role. This paper examines the invention of this Irish dance event and how it has developed in Ireland throughout the twentieth century. From the Gaelic League's cultural nationalist, ideological agenda of the late nineteenth century, for a culturally unified Ireland, to the manifestation of a new cultural confidence in Ireland, from the 1970s, this paper explores how the céilí has provided an important site for the construction, experiencing and negotiation of different senses of community and identity.

Conclusion

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon Bogdanor
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Intellectual Elites

This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the history of the British constitution in the twentieth century. The findings reveal that while there was widespread confidence in the virtues of the constitution at the beginning of the twentieth century, that confidence seemed to have evaporated. This loss of confidence coincided with a collapse of national self-confidence that had begun in the 1960s when British political and intellectual elites began to come to terms with the fact that Great Britain was falling economically behind her continental competitors.

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