The Comparative Study of Ethnic Minority Disadvantage

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTHONY HEATH ◽  
SIN YI CHEUNG
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Comparative Study

Ethnic minority disadvantage in the labour market has been a matter of growing concern in many developed countries in recent years. Discrimination on the basis of ascriptive factors, such as social origins or ethnicity, is generally regarded to be a source of economic inefficiency and waste. More importantly, it is a source of social injustice and social exclusion. This book explores ethnic inequalities in the labour market, particularly with respect to access to jobs. It examines whether ethnic minorities compete on equal terms in the labour market with equally qualified members of the charter populations and focuses on the experiences of the ‘second generation’, that is, the children of migrants who have themselves grown up and been educated in the countries of destination. In addition to the classic immigration countries of Australia, Canada, Israel, and the United States, the book also covers the major new immigration countries of Western Europe, such as Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, and Sweden, as well as South Africa.

scholarly journals Development and Application of Online Courseware for English Teaching

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Shansong Huang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Automatic Generation ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Student Needs ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Teaching Activities

Since the second decade of the 21st century, the rapid development of computer information technology promoted the internet use throughout society. We are now in an era in which life and learning are closely intertwined with the internet. In Western Europe, the United States, and other developed countries, teaching activities by online multimedia and offline technology have been long implemented. However, local online automatic generation software is inflicted with many issues, particularly, with the inability to meet the most student needs. Hence, we developed a new online courseware generation system to address this problem. After testing, the system functioned effectively, and the educational effect enhanced significantly.

scholarly journals Introduction

1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
David W. Brokensha
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
African Studies ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Closing Date ◽  
American Universities ◽  
Study Programs ◽  
The Comparative Study

Previous listings of African Studies offered at American universities have appeared each year in the Bulletin, the last one being in March 1964. The Editors thank all those who kindly supplied the information on which this summary is based, and they welcome any suggestions for improving the usefulness of this annual presentation or of extending the coverage. Later numbers of the Bulletin will include summaries of African Studies in Canada, Africa, Western Europe, the USSR, and Asia. The summary divides institutions into two main classes. First, there are those with a formally constituted Program, Center, or Committee, where African Studies has some institutionalized existence. Second, there is a group of universities which, while having no formal African Studies Program, nevertheless offer, through their regular departments, courses dealing with Africa. The latter list does not pretend to be exhaustive; there are many other institutions which might have been included, but we have no information on them at the present time. Students who are deciding to which school they should apply might bear in mind such factors as caliber of faculty, availability of fellowships (though the closing date for most applications for 1965/66 is already past), library facilities, other institutions in the vicinity, and research opportunities. Most scholars now agree that the area studies approach cannot exist without the more theoretical comparative approach, so that the presence of certain other scholars becomes very significant: in political science, for example, it would be advantageous to have available faculty who specialize in the comparative study of processes of modernization, or of revolutions, as well as those who concentrate on Africa as an area. Therefore, this guide merely outlines some of the main features of African Study Programs in the United States.

South Africa’s Proxy War in Angola

Proxy War ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 157-181
Author(s):  
Tyrone L. Groh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
African National Congress ◽  
Proxy War ◽  
National Congress ◽  
High Degree

This chapter presents a case study for how South Africa used UNITA as a proxy to intervene in the tense civil war in Angola to protect itself from communist influence. Pretoria wanted to prevent the African National Congress from taking over South Africa by force and to minimize Soviet influence in the region. UNITA received relatively overt support, operated with a high degree of autonomy, and had highly divergent objectives. Although the international community rhetorically opposed South Africa’s involvement in Angola, the actions of the United States and Western Europe reflected a more tacit approval. Domestically, South Africa’s public was reluctantly supportive but only on the condition that the costs remain low. Considering that most states had already rhetorically condemned Pretoria’s government and its foreign policy in southern Africa, it is interesting that states failed to raise the international costs of South Africa’s indirect intervention in Angola.

Why Is the U.S. Preterm Birth Rate So Much Higher Than the Rates in Canada, Great Britain, and Western Europe?

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 622-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet M. Bronstein ◽  
Martha S. Wingate ◽  
Anne E. Brisendine
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multiple Gestation ◽  
High Risk Behaviors ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Preterm Birth Rate

The portion of newborns delivered before term is considerably higher in the United States than in other developed countries. We compare the array of risk exposures and protective factors common to women across national settings, using national, regional, and international databases, review articles, and research reports. We find that U.S. women have higher rates of obesity, heart disease, and poor health status than women in other countries. This is in part because more U.S. women are exposed to the stresses of racism and income disparity than women in other national settings, and stress loads are known to disrupt physiological functions. Pregnant women in the United States are not at higher risk for preterm birth because of older maternal age or engagement in high-risk behaviors. However, to a greater extent than in other national settings, they are younger and their pregnancies are unintended. Higher rates of multiple gestation pregnancies, possibly related to assisted reproduction, are also a factor in higher preterm birth rates. Reproductive policies that support intentional childbearing and social welfare policies that reduce the stress of income insecurity can be modeled from those in place in other national settings to address at least some of the elevated U.S. preterm birth rate.

scholarly journals African and Not Religious: The State of Research on Sub-Saharan Religious Nones and New Scholarly Horizons

2021 ◽  
pp. 000203972110525
Author(s):  
Yonatan N. Gez ◽  
Nadia Beider ◽  
Helga Dickow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
State Of Research

Sub-Saharan African societies are widely seen as highly religious. However, at least 30 million Sub-Saharan Africans identify themselves as “religious nones” and are supposedly not affiliated with any religious tradition. While research interest in religious nones has been growing in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe, there is a dearth of literature on nones in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this paper, we offer an overview of this understudied subject and dwell on key challenges for studying African nones, including preconceived notions and structural oppositions. We further muse on the identity of African nones and consider differences from the characteristics established concerning Western nones. The article draws on quantitative data from across the region (primarily from Afrobarometer and Pew Research Center) and supplements them with interview data collected in Chad, Kenya, and South Africa.

scholarly journals Internal Migration, Living Close to Family, and Individual Labour Market Outcomes in Spain

2022 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara H. Mulder ◽  
Isabel Palomares-Linares ◽  
Sergi Vidal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

Migration is often viewed as a way to enhance occupational careers. However, particularly in Mediterranean countries, labour market outcomes may also depend on local family resources. We investigate how men’s and women’s labour market outcomes differ between (1) those who migrated and those who did not; and (2) those who live close to family and those who live farther away. Our main contributions are the investigation of the association between migration and labour market outcomes in a different context than the more commonly studied Northern and Western European countries and the United States, and of the role of living close to family in labour market outcomes. We used a sample of labour market participants from the “Attitudes and Expectations About Mobility” survey, conducted in Spain in 2019. Our results show that the likelihood of being a professional is greater for women who migrated than for those who did not, and that the likelihood of being unemployed or in a temporary job is lower for women who live close to family than for those who do not, but neither association was found for men. The finding for living close to family is in line with the notion that nearby family may protect women in particular from precarious labour market positions. The finding for migration differs from previous findings for Northern and Western Europe and the United States, which indicate that migration is beneficial to men in particular. This difference might be specific to a low-migration context, but data limitations prevent firm conclusions.

The Children of Low-Status Immigrants and Youth Unemployment in the United States and Western Europe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Alba ◽  
Nancy Foner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Native Youth

This chapter examines the challenges faced by the children of low-status immigrants in education and the labor market. While youth in general face more challenges in the early twenty-first-century than their parents and grandparents did, many of these second-generation youth face a special set of hurdles because of their disadvantaged immigrant origins. In education, the second generations originating from low-status groups suffer “ethnic penalties.” One reason is that many adults in positions of authority in school systems and workplaces hold prejudices that lead to subtle or occasionally blatant discrimination against these second-generation youth. The problems in the educational system are compounded by those these youth face when they enter the labor market. In general, they are less likely to be employed than native youth with comparable educational attainment, and sometimes, as in France and Germany, these employment penalties are large.

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