scholarly journals Development of program for enhancing the ideal desirable characteristic of basic school administrators

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1458-1467
Author(s):  
Khakhlong Chettha ◽  
Julsuwan Suwat ◽  
Somprach Kanokorn ◽  
Khangpheng Samrit
2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 3968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nezahat Güçlü ◽  
Ali Duran

Metaphor used in a variety fields of social ciences can be defined as the meaning transfer from one object to other which have similarities in terms of some aspects. It can also be defined as making relations between abstract things with concrete everyday things to be understood them easily. When addressed in terms of education administration, it has been observed that metaphors are often used while designing curriculums, planning activities, making motivations for learning and creative thinking trainings. In this context, it is possible to benefit from them in order to understand the school better. The aim of this study is to reveal the perceptions of school administrators related to school and ideal school with the aid of metaphors. In this study, using phenomenology (qualification) from qualitative research methods, data from 37 school administrators working in the province of Amasya and identified by maximum diversity sampling method were obtained by using a semi-structured interview form prepared by the researcher and composed of two parts. In analysing of the data obtained in the research, content analysis technique was used and in the process of analysis of the obtained data, interview records were deciphered and analyzed. Research findings show that school administrators mostly used “mother”, “human” and “tree” metaphors to explain the school. “Factory”, “human”, “Şeyh Edebali”, “car” and “Sun” are the popular metaphors used by the participants to describe the ideal school. According to the findings of the research, it can be said that family is the first education place. So, the active participation of the parents to the education will make the contributions to develop a school culture, make the curriculum better, improve the skills of parents on child education and will help teachers make their jobs effectively.Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetSosyal bilimlerin birçok alanında kullanılan metafor, algısal benzerlik olan bir objeden diğerine geçen anlam transferi ve soyut kavramlar ile bilinen somut şeyler arasında ilişki kurmak biçiminde ifade edilmektedir. Eğitim yönetimi açısından ele alındığında, metaforların müfredat geliştirirken, planlama yapılırken, öğrenme motivasyonları yaparken ve yaratıcı düşünce eğitimlerinde sıklıkla kullanılan bir yöntem olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Bu bağlamda, okulu daha iyi anlamak için de metaforlardan yararlanmak mümkündür. Bu doğrultuda bu araştırmanın amacı okul yöneticilerinin okul ve ideal okul kavramlarına ilişkin düşüncelerini metafor yardımıyla açığa çıkarmaktır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenoloji (olgubilim) deseni kullanılan bu araştırmanın örneklemini; Amasya ilindeki ilkokul, ortaokul ve lise okul türlerinde görev yapmakta olan 37 okul yöneticisi oluşturmaktadır. Maksimum çeşitlilik örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen okul yöneticilerinin, okul ve ideal okula ilişkin algılarını belirlemek üzere araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan ve iki bölümden oluşan yarı-yapılandırılmış bir görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan okul yöneticilerinin en çok birleştikleri metaforun “anne” olduğu, daha sonra ise “insan” ve “ağaç” metaforlarının söylenme sıklığının da aynı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Okul yöneticilerinin ideal okul kavramına ilişkin ürettikleri metaforlarda en çok birleştikleri kavramların ise “fabrika”, “insan”, “Şeyh Edebali”, “araba”, “güneş” olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. En sık tekrarlanan metaforun “anne” olduğu göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, ailenin her zaman bireylerin ilk eğitim yeri olduğu gerçeğinin hâlâ geçerliliğini sürdürdüğü söylenebilir. Sonuç olarak, ailenin eğitim sürecine aktif katılımı, okul ikliminin geliştirilmesine, müfredat programının iyileştirilmesine, aile çocuk eğitimi bilgi ve becerilerinin geliştirilmesine, ailelerin katılımı ile birlikte öğretmenlerin görevlerini daha rahat yapmasına katkıda bulunacaktır.


Author(s):  
M.S. Shahrabadi ◽  
T. Yamamoto

The technique of labeling of macromolecules with ferritin conjugated antibody has been successfully used for extracellular antigen by means of staining the specimen with conjugate prior to fixation and embedding. However, the ideal method to determine the location of intracellular antigen would be to do the antigen-antibody reaction in thin sections. This technique contains inherent problems such as the destruction of antigenic determinants during fixation or embedding and the non-specific attachment of conjugate to the embedding media. Certain embedding media such as polyampholytes (2) or cross-linked bovine serum albumin (3) have been introduced to overcome some of these problems.


Author(s):  
R. A. Crowther

The reconstruction of a three-dimensional image of a specimen from a set of electron micrographs reduces, under certain assumptions about the imaging process in the microscope, to the mathematical problem of reconstructing a density distribution from a set of its plane projections.In the absence of noise we can formulate a purely geometrical criterion, which, for a general object, fixes the resolution attainable from a given finite number of views in terms of the size of the object. For simplicity we take the ideal case of projections collected by a series of m equally spaced tilts about a single axis.


Author(s):  
R. Beeuwkes ◽  
A. Saubermann ◽  
P. Echlin ◽  
S. Churchill

Fifteen years ago, Hall described clearly the advantages of the thin section approach to biological x-ray microanalysis, and described clearly the ratio method for quantitive analysis in such preparations. In this now classic paper, he also made it clear that the ideal method of sample preparation would involve only freezing and sectioning at low temperature. Subsequently, Hall and his coworkers, as well as others, have applied themselves to the task of direct x-ray microanalysis of frozen sections. To achieve this goal, different methodological approachs have been developed as different groups sought solutions to a common group of technical problems. This report describes some of these problems and indicates the specific approaches and procedures developed by our group in order to overcome them. We acknowledge that the techniques evolved by our group are quite different from earlier approaches to cryomicrotomy and sample handling, hence the title of our paper. However, such departures from tradition have been based upon our attempt to apply basic physical principles to the processes involved. We feel we have demonstrated that such a break with tradition has valuable consequences.


Author(s):  
G. Van Tendeloo ◽  
J. Van Landuyt ◽  
S. Amelinckx

Polytypism has been studied for a number of years and a wide variety of stacking sequences has been detected and analysed. SiC is the prototype material in this respect; see e.g. Electron microscopy under high resolution conditions when combined with x-ray measurements is a very powerful technique to elucidate the correct stacking sequence or to study polytype transformations and deviations from the ideal stacking sequence.


Author(s):  
N. Bonnet ◽  
M. Troyon ◽  
P. Gallion

Two main problems in high resolution electron microscopy are first, the existence of gaps in the transfer function, and then the difficulty to find complex amplitude of the diffracted wawe from registered intensity. The solution of this second problem is in most cases only intended by the realization of several micrographs in different conditions (defocusing distance, illuminating angle, complementary objective apertures…) which can lead to severe problems of contamination or radiation damage for certain specimens.Fraunhofer holography can in principle solve both problems stated above (1,2). The microscope objective is strongly defocused (far-field region) so that the two diffracted beams do not interfere. The ideal transfer function after reconstruction is then unity and the twin image do not overlap on the reconstructed one.We show some applications of the method and results of preliminary tests.Possible application to the study of cavitiesSmall voids (or gas-filled bubbles) created by irradiation in crystalline materials can be observed near the Scherzer focus, but it is then difficult to extract other informations than the approximated size.


Author(s):  
K.-H. Herrmann ◽  
D. Krahl ◽  
H.-P Rust

The high detection quantum efficiency (DQE) is the main requirement for an imagerecording system used in electron microscopy of radiation-sensitive specimens. An electronic TV system of the type shown in Fig. 1 fulfills these conditions and can be used for either analog or digital image storage and processing [1], Several sources of noise may reduce the DQE, and therefore a careful selection of various elements is imperative.The noise of target and of video amplifier can be neglected when the converter stages produce sufficient target electrons per incident primary electron. The required gain depends on the type of the tube and also on the type of the signal processing chosen. For EBS tubes, for example, it exceeds 10. The ideal case, in which all impinging electrons create uniform charge peaks at the target, is not obtainable for several reasons, and these will be discussed as they relate to a system with a scintillator, fiber-optic and photo-cathode combination as the first stage.


Author(s):  
T. Ichinokawa ◽  
H. Maeda

I. IntroductionThermionic electron gun with the Wehnelt grid is popularly used in the electron microscopy and electron beam micro-fabrication. It is well known that this gun could get the ideal brightness caluculated from the Lengumier and Richardson equations under the optimum condition. However, the design and ajustment to the optimum condition is not so easy. The gun has following properties with respect to the Wehnelt bias; (1) The maximum brightness is got only in the optimum bias. (2) In the larger bias than the optimum, the brightness decreases with increasing the bias voltage on account of the space charge effect. (3) In the smaller bias than the optimum, the brightness decreases with bias voltage on account of spreading of the cross over spot due to the aberrations of the electrostatic immersion lens.In the present experiment, a new type electron gun with the electrostatic and electromagnetic lens is designed, and its properties are examined experimentally.


Author(s):  
R. Vincent

Microanalysis and diffraction on a sub-nanometre scale have become practical in modern TEMs due to the high brightness of field emission sources combined with the short mean free paths associated with both elastic and inelastic scattering of incident electrons by the specimen. However, development of electron diffraction as a quantitative discipline has been limited by the absence of any generalised theory for dynamical inelastic scattering. These problems have been simplified by recent innovations, principally the introduction of spectrometers such as the Gatan imaging filter (GIF) and the Zeiss omega filter, which remove the inelastic electrons, combined with annual improvements in the speed of computer workstations and the availability of solid-state detectors with high resolution, sensitivity and dynamic range.Comparison of experimental data with dynamical calculations imposes stringent requirements on the specimen and the electron optics, even when the inelastic component has been removed. For example, no experimental CBED pattern ever has perfect symmetry, departures from the ideal being attributable to residual strain, thickness averaging, inclined surfaces, incomplete cells and amorphous surface layers.


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