Historically Speaking—: A History of Extraneous Solutions

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Abstract Algebra ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Logical Foundations ◽  
Treat Ment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The assertion that before the rise of abstract algebra in the mid-nineteenth century, algebra was concerned more with the use of algorithms and rules than with investigations of logical foundations for the subject could well be tested by a de tailed study of the treatment of extraneous solutions throughout that period. A treat ment of extraneous solutions at a particu lar time in history would, because of the subtle mathematical principles involved in that treatment, reflect on the state of algebra at least as much as, and perhaps more than, any one topic in mathematics. However, the main purpose of this paper is to reveal the history of extraneous solutions, though reflections on the state of algebra seen from this historical account will be mentioned whenever appropriate.

scholarly journals On the state of the Abbey Church of Holyrood subsequently to the devastations committed by the English Forces in the years 1544 and 1547

1854 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 101-115
Author(s):  
David Laing
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Privy Council ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Charles I ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church

David Laing presents a historical account of this church from its founding in 1128 to the proposed visit of Charles I in the 17th century. He includes a series of original letters and Acts of Privy Council from 1626-1641 relating to the alterations and repairs made for this visit. He then briefly outlines the later history of the church that led to its ruined state. Laing concludes by arguing that there is no point in the Society proposing a restoration of the old edifice or the construction of a new one, but that clearing the soil and grass from the original foundations and installing a gravel path around them would allow visitors to view what is left of the site. His proposal that the Society present a Memorial on the subject was accepted by those present and a committee was appointed to draft the Memorial.

The History Of Modern Vaccination In Cooch Behar State In The Nineteenth Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-190
Author(s):  
Rajkumar Bind
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Vaccination Programme ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
The State ◽  
The People ◽  
Small Pox ◽  
Preventive Method ◽  
History Of

This paper examines the development of modern vaccination programme of Cooch Behar state, a district of West Bengal of India during the nineteenth century. The study has critically analysed the modern vaccination system, which was the only preventive method against various diseases like small pox, cholera but due to neglect, superstation and religious obstacles the people of Cooch Behar state were not interested about modern vaccination. It also examines the sex wise and castes wise vaccinators of the state during the study period. The study will help us to growing conciseness about modern vaccination among the peoples of Cooch Behar district.   

„Zurück zu Schleiermacher! und von Schleiermacher aus vorwärts!“

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent A. R. Hege
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Psychological Method ◽  
Dialectical Theology ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractAs dialectical theology rose to prominence in the years following World War I, the new theologians sought to distance themselves from liberalism in a number of ways, an important one being a rejection of Schleiermacher’s methods and conclusions. In reading the history of Weimar-era theology as it has been written in the twentieth century one would be forgiven for assuming that Schleiermacher found no defenders during this time, as liberal theology quietly faded into the twilight. However, a closer examination of this period reveals a different story. The last generation of liberal theologians consistently appealed to Schleiermacher for support and inspiration, perhaps none more so than Georg Wobbermin, whom B. A. Gerrish has called a “captain of the liberal rearguard.” Wobbermin sought to construct a religio-psychological method on the basis of Schleiermacher’s definition of religion and on his “Copernican turn” toward the subject and resolutely defended such a method against the new dialectical theology long after liberal theology’s supposed demise. A consideration of Wobbermin’s appeals to Schleiermacher in his defense of the liberal program reveals a more complex picture of the state of theology in the Weimar period and of Schleiermacher’s legacy in German Protestant thought.

An Introduction to the History of International Law

1924 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baron S. A. Korff
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
History Of International Law

For a long time writers on international law took it for granted that the subject of their studies was a relatively recent product of modern civilization, and that the ancient world did not know any system of international law. If we go back to the literature of the nineteenth century, we can find a certain feeling of pride among internationalists that international law was one of the best fruits of our civilization and that it was a system which distinguished us from the ancient barbarians. Some of these writers paid special attention to this question of origins and endeavored to explain why the ancient world never could have had any international law.

The State

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
Republican Government ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Early Modern Times

It is often said that the subject matter of political philosophy is the nature and justification of the state. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel thinks that political science is “nothing other than an attempt to comprehend and portray the state as an inherently rational entity.” John Rawls famously understands “the primary subject of justice [to be] the basic structure of society,” restricting his attentions to a society “conceived for the time being as a closed system isolated from other societies,” and assuming that “the boundaries of these schemes are given by the notion of a self-contained national community.” Contemporary political philosophers often follow suit, disagreeing about what states should do, and simply assuming that they are the proper agents of justice or reform. The history of philosophy and the development of political concepts seem to be central to understanding the state. The influence of Roman law and republican government, and the rediscovery of Aristotle in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, are obvious important influences. The modern state emerged first in Western Europe in early modern times.

Statistics as Social Science

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-40
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
The State ◽  
Statistical Thinking ◽  
History Of

This chapter discusses statistics as social science. The systematic study of social numbers in the spirit of natural philosophy was pioneered during the 1660s, and was known for about a century and a half as political arithmetic. Its purpose, when not confined to the calculation of insurance or annuity rates, was the promotion of sound, well-informed state policy. Political arithmetic was, according to William Petty, the application of Baconian principles to the art of government. Implicit in the use by political arithmeticians of social numbers was the belief that the wealth and strength of the state depended strongly on the number and character of its subjects. Political arithmetic was supplanted by statistics in France and Great Britain around the beginning of the nineteenth century. The shift in terminology was accompanied by a subtle mutation of concepts that can be seen as one of the most important in the history of statistical thinking.

Dodds and Educational Policy for a Defeated Germany

2019 ◽  
pp. 244-263
Author(s):  
David Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Educational Policy ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
The State ◽  
University Teachers ◽  
Nazi Ideology ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War ◽  
German Universities

This chapter examines the work of E.R. Dodds during preparations for the post-war occupation of Germany. In 1940, Dodds joined Arnold Toynbee’s ‘Foreign Research and Press Service’, which had moved to Oxford, and he began to work on the history of education in Germany. Arnold’s group eventually became the Foreign Office Research Department (FORD), and Dodds produced for it lengthy memoranda to inform others working on the subject. He also lectured at many meetings and published a pamphlet, Minds in the Making, a study of the hollowness and barbarity of Nazi ideology and its effects on education. For FORD he also chaired committees on re-education and on textbook production. In 1947, he led a delegation to Germany of the Association of University Teachers, which produced a damning report on the state of German universities. He proved to be one of the most significant people involved in shaping educational policy as it developed in the British Zone of Germany.

The Early History of the Gyroscope and Gyro Compass

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-89
Author(s):  
G. B. Lauf
Keyword(s):  
Current Literature ◽  
Early History ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Half Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Gyro Compass

Most of the current literature in the field of gyroscopic theory and in the use of gyroscopic instruments for the determination of azimuth begins the historical account of the subject with the work of Leon Foucault during the period 1850-1852. But little is known of the work in this field by others during the preceding half century. In this paper, the development of the gyroscope and gyro compass is traced back to a date earlier than 1813.

A Bedouin Principle of Freedom for the Risorgimento d’Italia: Michele Amari Integrates Ibn Khaldūn with Vico’s filologia

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-96
Author(s):  
Markus Messling
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Model Case ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Giambattista Vico ◽  
New Science ◽  
Human Choice ◽  
History Of

Abstract In the New Science (1744), Giambattista Vico defined filologia as “the doctrine of all the institutions that depend on human choice” of the mondo civile. When nineteenth-century European nationalism was on the rise, supported by narratives of cultural homogeneity and specificity, philological comparatism was the state-of-the-art and it, often, legitimated the obsessions with the purity of origins and genealogies. Italy, characterized by internal plurality and its Mediterranean entanglements, is a model case. Whereas many discourses of the Risorgimento aspired to shape a new Italian nation after the classical model, Michele Amari’s History of the Muslims of Sicily (1854–1872) marked an astonishing exception. For him, going back to Islamic-Sicilian history, its literary, rhetorical and linguistic culture, meant to resume, on a higher level of incivilmento (Vico), what had been obscured by cultural decline: the spirit of freedom and equality, which Ibn Khaldūn had attributed to the Bedouins and their dynamics in history.

scholarly journals Medical and Chemical Expertise in English Trials for Criminal Poisoning, 1750–1914

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine D Watson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Medical Expertise ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

This article contributes to the literature on the history of medico-legal practice by using a survey of 535 poisoning cases to examine the emergence of forensic toxicological expertise in nineteenth-century English criminal trials. In emphasizing chemical expertise, it seeks both to expand upon a limited literature on the history of the subject, and to offer a contrast to studies of criminal poisoning that have tended to focus primarily on medical expertise. Poisoning itself is a topic of abiding interest to historians of forensic medicine and science because (together with insanity) it long tended to attract the greatest attention (and often confrontation) in criminal proceedings. In looking at a wide number of cases, however, it becomes apparent that few aroused true medico-legal controversy. Rather, the evidence from several hundred cases tried as felonies during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries indicates that prior to the 1830s few presented any opportunity for “a battle of experts”. While Ian Burney and Tal Golan have shown that this was certainly not the case during the mid and late nineteenth century, this paper goes further by dividing the period under study into three distinct phases in order to show how expert testimony (and experts themselves) changed during the course of the century, and why this process opened a door to the potential for formalized controversy.

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