Mathematics Detective: We All Scream for Ice Cream!

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-47
Author(s):  
Jean B. Krusi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hot Weather

Even as the hot weather of summer fades into autumnal chill, we continue to eat the dessert of all seasons: ice cream. Americans eat more ice cream than people in any other country. Over two billion gallons of ice cream are produced in the United States each year.

scholarly journals An analysis of at-home demand for ice cream in the United States

2009 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 6210-6216 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.G. Davis ◽  
D.P. Blayney ◽  
S.T. Yen ◽  
J. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
The United States ◽  
At Home

Prevalence and Level of Listeria monocytogenes in Ice Cream Linked to a Listeriosis Outbreak in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1828-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
YI CHEN ◽  
LAUREL S. BURALL ◽  
DUMITRU MACARISIN ◽  
RÉGIS POUILLOT ◽  
ERROL STRAIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
The United States ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Susceptible Populations

ABSTRACT A most-probable-number (MPN) method was used to enumerate Listeria monocytogenes in 2,320 commercial ice cream scoops manufactured on a production line that was implicated in a 2015 listeriosis outbreak in the United States. The analyzed samples were collected from seven lots produced in November 2014, December 2014, January 2015, and March 2015. L. monocytogenes was detected in 99% (2,307 of 2,320) of the tested samples (lower limit of detection, 0.03 MPN/g), 92% of which were contaminated at <20 MPN/g. The levels of L. monocytogenes in these samples had a geometric mean per lot of 0.15 to 7.1 MPN/g. The prevalence and enumeration data from an unprecedented large number of naturally contaminated ice cream products linked to a listeriosis outbreak provided a unique data set for further understanding the risk associated with L. monocytogenes contamination for highly susceptible populations.

Microstructure and Processing of Ice Cream

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Kilara ◽  
Tawfik Sharkasi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Air Content ◽  
Colloidal State

Ice cream and frozen desserts are popular throughout the world, but the United States is the largest consumer of ice cream. In the United States it is estimated that 46.8 pints per capita of ice cream and frozen desserts were consumed in 1992.Physically, ice cream is a foam in which the continuous phase is a partially frozen emulsion. Foams are also important for foods such as whipped toppings, souffle, mousse, meringue, and angel food cake. The structure of the foam affects the appearance, texture, consistency, lightness, and mouthfeel of these foods. A foam is mostly air and is characterized by high viscosity, low density, high surface area, and high surface energy. Food foams such as ice cream have an air content of 40-50% by volume. The continuous phase is a concentrated, unfrozen aqueous solution containing soluble milk salts, lactose, and added sugars. The dispersed solids (i.e., proteins, salts, stabilizer, and fat) are in the colloidal state and in the form of an emulsion. The ice crystals exist in the coarsely dispersed phase, occupying a major portion of the space between air cells.

Outbreak of Norovirus Gastroenteritis Associated With Ice Cream Contaminated by Frozen Raspberries From China—Minnesota, United States, 2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy A Saupe ◽  
Joshua Rounds ◽  
Alida Sorenson ◽  
Nicole Hedeen ◽  
Erica Bagstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
The United States ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
Norovirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Norovirus Gii

Abstract Background Norovirus is the etiology for about 60% of foodborne outbreaks identified in Minnesota. Contamination of food during preparation by food handlers is by far the most common cause of these outbreaks. Norovirus outbreaks due to commercially distributed foods are rarely reported in the United States, and only 2 have been previously identified in Minnesota, both due to oysters. Methods In August 2016, we investigated an outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis in Minnesota that was linked to consumption of commercially distributed ice cream at multiple venues. Sanitarians from local public health agencies visited the facilities involved for follow-up, and case-control studies were conducted. The outbreak was identified by linking multiple independent illness reports to a centralized foodborne illness complaint system and subsequently confirmed though genotyping of stool specimens. Results A total of 15 cases from 4 venues were reported. Raspberry chocolate chip ice cream was statistically associated with illness in 2 analytic studies (6 of 7 cases vs 0 of 7 controls; odds ratio, undefined; P = .005). Norovirus GII.17[P17] (GII.17 Kawasaki) strains from case stool specimens matched norovirus found in frozen raspberries imported from China that were used to make the implicated ice cream. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first norovirus outbreak due to commercially distributed frozen berries identified in the United States. To detect norovirus outbreaks associated with commercially distributed food vehicles, investigators should thoroughly investigate all norovirus outbreaks (including stool testing and genotyping), coordinate complaint and response activities across agencies and jurisdictions, and consider testing food for norovirus when appropriate.

scholarly journals Vanilla Cultivation in Southern Florida

EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (6) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Alan H. Chambers ◽  
Pamela Moon ◽  
Vovener Edmond ◽  
Elias Bassil
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vanilla Planifolia ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
The World ◽  
Growing Environment ◽  
Southern Florida

Vanilla extract is popular around the world as an ingredient in ice cream and various other desserts. The botanical source of vanilla extract is primarily the cured beans of Vanilla planifolia. The United States is the world?s largest importer of vanilla beans, but domestic production is minimal. However, southern Florida has a favorable growing environment for vanilla cultivation. This new 7-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department includes information relevant to growers interested in establishing a vanillery. Written by Alan H. Chambers, Pamela Moon, Vovener de Verlands Edmond, and Elias Bassil. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1348

Relationship between Grasshopper Abundance and Weather Conditions in Saskatchewan, 1930-1958

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 619-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy L. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Precipitation ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Normal Rainfall ◽  
Insignificant Correlation

The statement of Criddle (1917) that grasshopper outbreaks are associated with periods of dry weather has been repeated by many authors, but a close relationship has never been demonstrated.Parker (1933) showed that at six localities in the United States grasshopper outbreaks during the period 1915-1933 had been preceded by periods of two to four years when either rainfall had been below normal during May-June or temperature had been above normal during July-September. Similarly Smith (1954) concluded that between 1910 and 1953 outbreaks in Kansas had been preceded by two years of sub-normal rainfall. Parker's charts show that grasshopper outbreaks generally followed periods of hot weather, but the charts of both authors show that only about half the time did outbreaks follow periods of dry weather – a situation that could be largely due to chance.MacCarthy (1956) calculated the correlation coefficients between weather factors and populations of M. bilituratus (Walker) in five large areas of Saskatchewan during the period 1943-1952. His tables show generally insignificant correlation with total precipitation and only with mean minimum monthlv temperature in June of the previous year was there significant correlation in all five areas.The present investigation was undertaken in an attempt to determine whether a sufficiently close relationship between grasshopper populations and climate could be found for use in predicting grasshopper outbreaks.

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