scholarly journals Strategy use on bounded and unbounded number lines in typically developing adults and adults with dyscalculia: An eye-tracking study

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fae Aimée van der Weijden ◽  
Erica Kamphorst ◽  
Robin Hella Willemsen ◽  
Evelyn H. Kroesbergen ◽  
Anne H. van Hoogmoed
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Number Sense ◽  
Number Line ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Target Number ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Pure Number ◽  
Number Lines ◽  
New Strategies

Recent research suggests that bounded number line tasks, often used to measure number sense, measure proportion estimation instead of pure number estimation. The latter is thought to be measured in recently developed unbounded number line tasks. Children with dyscalculia use less mature strategies on unbounded number lines than typically developing children. In this qualitative study, we explored strategy use in bounded and unbounded number lines in adults with (N = 8) and without dyscalculia (N = 8). Our aim was to gain more detailed insights into strategy use. Differences in accuracy and strategy use between individuals with and without dyscalculia on both number lines may enhance our understanding of the underlying deficits in individuals with dyscalculia. We combined eye-tracking and Cued Retrospective Reporting (CRR) to identify strategies on a detailed level. Strategy use and performance were highly similar in adults with and without dyscalculia on both number lines, which implies that adults with dyscalculia may have partly overcome their deficits in number sense. New strategies and additional steps and tools used to solve number lines were identified, such as the use of the previous target number. We provide gaze patterns and descriptions of strategies that give important first insights into new strategies. These newly defined strategies give a more in-depth view on how individuals approach a number lines task, and these should be taken into account when studying number estimations, especially when using the unbounded number line.

Fixated in unfamiliar territory: Mapping estimates across typical and atypical number lines

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-294
Author(s):  
Sabrina Michelle Di Lonardo ◽  
Matthew G Huebner ◽  
Katherine Newman ◽  
Jo-Anne LeFevre
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Range ◽  
Number Line ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Spatial Processes ◽  
Number Lines ◽  
Number Line Estimation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Typical Range

Adults ( N = 72) estimated the location of target numbers on number lines that varied in numerical range (i.e., typical range 0–10,000 or atypical range 0–7,000) and spatial orientation (i.e., the 0 endpoint on the left [traditional] or on the right [reversed]). Eye-tracking data were used to assess strategy use. Participants made meaningful first fixations on the line, with fixations occurring around the origin for low target numbers and around the midpoint and endpoint for high target numbers. On traditional direction number lines, participants used left-to-right scanning and showed a leftward bias; these effects were reduced for the reverse direction number lines. Participants made fixations around the midpoint for both ranges but were less accurate when estimating target numbers around the midpoint on the 7,000-range number line. Thus, participants are using the internal benchmark (i.e., midpoint) to guide estimates on atypical range number lines, but they have difficulty calculating the midpoint, leading to less accurate estimates. In summary, both range and direction influenced strategy use and accuracy, suggesting that both numerical and spatial processes influence number line estimation.

Integer Target: Using a Game to Model Integer Addition and Subtraction

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 388-392
Author(s):  
Jerry Burkhart
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Number Line ◽  
Target Number ◽  
Number Lines ◽  
Addition And Subtraction

Imagine a classroom where students are gathered in small groups, working with number lines and cards marked with integers. The students have chosen a “target number” on the number line and are deep in discussion, trying to find ways to make the sum of the integers on their cards match this number. There is a deck from which they draw, discard, or exchange cards. They also give, take, or trade cards with one another.

Fixated in more familiar territory: Providing an explicit midpoint for typical and atypical number lines

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182096761
Author(s):  
Sabrina Di Lonardo Burr ◽  
Jo-Anne LeFevre
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Number Line ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Number Lines ◽  
Number Line Estimation

Does providing an explicit midpoint affect adults’ performance differently for typical and atypical number line tasks? Participants ( N = 29) estimated the location of target numbers on typical (i.e., 0–10,000) and atypical (i.e., 0–7,000) number lines with either an explicitly labelled midpoint or no midpoint. For the typical number line, estimation accuracy did not differ for the explicit- and implicit-midpoint conditions. For the atypical number line, participants in the explicit-midpoint condition were more accurate than those in the implicit-midpoint condition and their pattern of error was similar to that seen for typical number lines (i.e., M-shaped). In contrast, for participants in the implicit-midpoint condition, the pattern of error on the atypical line was tent-shaped, with less accurate estimates around the midpoint and quartiles than the endpoints. Eye-tracking data showed that, for all number lines, participants used the middle of the line to guide their estimates, but participants in the explicit-midpoint condition were more likely to make their first fixation around the true midpoint than those in the implicit–midpoint condition. We conclude that adults have difficulty in estimating on atypical number lines because they incorrectly calculate the numerical value of the midpoint.

scholarly journals Investigating Gaze Behaviour of Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Classroom Setting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aideen McParland ◽  
Stephen Gallagher ◽  
Mickey Keenan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Classroom Setting ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Promising Application ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
Operant Training

AbstractA defining feature of ASD is atypical gaze behaviour, however, eye-tracking studies in ‘real-world’ settings are limited, and the possibility of improving gaze behaviour for ASD children is largely unexplored. This study investigated gaze behaviour of ASD and typically developing (TD) children in their classroom setting. Eye-tracking technology was used to develop and pilot an operant training tool to positively reinforce typical gaze behaviour towards faces. Visual and statistical analyses of eye-tracking data revealed different gaze behaviour patterns during live interactions for ASD and TD children depending on the interaction type. All children responded to operant training with longer looking times observed on face stimuli post training. The promising application of operant gaze training in ecologically valid settings is discussed.

The Use of Eye Tracking to Discern the Threshold at Which Metopic Orbitofrontal Deformity Attracts Attention

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1392-1401
Author(s):  
Mark P. Pressler ◽  
Emily L. Geisler ◽  
Rami R. Hallac ◽  
James R. Seaward ◽  
Alex A. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Average Dwell Time ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Introduction and Objectives: Surgical treatment for trigonocephaly aims to eliminate a stigmatizing deformity, yet the severity that captures unwanted attention is unknown. Surgeons intervene at different points of severity, eliciting controversy. This study used eye tracking to investigate when deformity is perceived. Material and Methods: Three-dimensional photogrammetric images of a normal child and a child with trigonocephaly were mathematically deformed, in 10% increments, to create a spectrum of 11 images. These images were shown to participants using an eye tracker. Participants’ gaze patterns were analyzed, and participants were asked if each image looked “normal” or “abnormal.” Results: Sixty-six graduate students were recruited. Average dwell time toward pathologic areas of interest (AOIs) increased proportionally, from 0.77 ± 0.33 seconds at 0% deformity to 1.08 ± 0.75 seconds at 100% deformity ( P < .0001). A majority of participants did not agree an image looked “abnormal” until 90% deformity from any angle. Conclusion: Eye tracking can be used as a proxy for attention threshold toward orbitofrontal deformity. The amount of attention toward orbitofrontal AOIs increased proportionally with severity. Participants did not generally agree there was “abnormality” until deformity was severe. This study supports the assertion that surgical intervention may be best reserved for more severe deformity.

scholarly journals B-PO04-190 A NOVEL VISUAL DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT OF EXPERT AND NOVICE GAZE PATTERNS ON PEDIATRIC ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS USING EYE TRACKING TECHNOLOGY

Heart Rhythm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. S356
Author(s):  
Heather Marie Giacone ◽  
Anne M. Dubin ◽  
Scott Ceresnak ◽  
Henry Chubb ◽  
William Rowland Goodyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Diagnostic Assessment ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Expert And Novice ◽  
Tracking Technology

scholarly journals German children’s processing of morphosyntactic cues in wh-questions

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1279-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
ATTY SCHOUWENAARS ◽  
PETRA HENDRIKS ◽  
ESTHER RUIGENDIJK
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Garden Path ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
German Children

ABSTRACTTwo experiments investigated the effects of case and verb agreement cues on the comprehension and production of which-questions in typically developing German children (aged 7–10) and adults. Our aims were to determine (a) whether they make use of morphosyntactic cues (case marking and verb agreement) for the comprehension of which-questions, (b) how these questions are processed, and (c) whether the presence and position of morphosyntactic cues available for the listener influence the speaker’s production of which-questions. Performance on a picture selection task with eye tracking shows that children with low working memory make less use of morphosyntactic cues than children with high working memory and adults when interpreting object questions. Gaze data of both groups reveal garden-path effects and revisions for object and passive questions, which can be explained by a constraint-based account. Furthermore, children’s difficulties with object questions are related to the type of disambiguation cue. In a question elicitation task with patient-initial items, children overall prefer production of passives, whereas adults’ productions depend on the availability of disambiguation cues for the listener.

Gaze patterns of expert and amateur sight-readers with particular focus on the cognitive underpinnings of reading key and time signatures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jacobus Frederick Viljoen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Sight Reading ◽  
Music Notation ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Musical Knowledge ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Reading Key ◽  
Key Aspects

Over the last decade, eye-tracking technology has provided researchers with specific tools to study the process of reading (language and music) empirically. Most of these studies have focused on the “Eye-Hand Span” phenomenon (the ability to read ahead of the point of playing). However, little research investigates the cognitive implications of specific aspects of musical notation when performed in real time. This research aimed to observe the fixations patterns of sight-readers in order to investigate the cognitive underpinnings of key and time signatures in music scores. This research project is a quantitative study using a quasi-experimental research design. Tobii eye-tracking equipment and software were used to record the eye movements of 11 expert and 7 amateur keyboard sight-readers. Two key aspects of music notation, key and time signatures, were selected as the main focus of the study. To investigate these aspects, eighteen research participants were provided with seventeen sight-reading examples for one hand (low complexity) and two hands (high complexity) composed specifically by the researcher. Several examples contained one or more unexpected aspects (accidentals or changes of time signature) to test their effect on fixation count and duration. Two variables (fixation count and fixation duration) were utilised to analyze fixation patterns on the selected aspects of the scores. Three main results emerged from the data analysis: 1) Expert sight-readers performed with much greater accuracy than experts in both tests; 2) Expert sight-readers exhibited a higher fixation count on entire scores in complex examples; 3) Both expert and amateur sight-readers fixate more and for longer on certain notational aspects such as key and time signatures than other notational aspects such as deviations or individual notes. This selection of focused attention suggests that both expert and amateur sight-readers cognitively process music scores in a hierarchical order. In conclusion, key and time signatures appear to require more and longer fixations by both groups of readers than other aspects of the score. This supports previous research which suggests that sound musical knowledge may play a positive role in performers’ sight-reading skills, thereby contributing to more successful sight-reading performances.

scholarly journals Best Thing Is Always in the Middle? An Investigation of Centrality Preference By Eye-Tracking Technique and Memory Recall

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lap-Yan Lo ◽  
Cheuk-Yu Tsang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
Number Line ◽  
Mental Number Line ◽  
Horizontal Line ◽  
Memory Recall ◽  
Tracking Technique ◽  
Fixation Points ◽  
The Relationship

An object located in the centre position is believed to be the most attended and well remembered, which increases its likelihood of being chosen (i.e., centrality preference). However, the literature has yielded inconsistent evidence. With the support of an eye-tracking technique, this study tried to provide another means of examining the relationship between preference and attention. Thirty undergraduates were asked to choose one of five similar items presented on a horizontal line. The findings on eye fixation points and looking duration positively related to the probability of an item being chosen as the preferred item. Yet performance in a recall test revealed an independence between preference and remembering. Furthermore, an unexpectedly large proportion of the participants also preferred the items on the leftmost side of the array. The mental number line and social norms, together with centrality preference, were used to provide an explanation of our implicit preference in decision making.

Effects of Image Segmentation and Target Number on Visual Search: An Eye-Tracking Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1987-1991
Author(s):  
Kaifeng Liu ◽  
Calvin Ka-lun Or
Keyword(s):  
Image Segmentation ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Target Number ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
Time Accuracy

This is an eye-tracking study examining the effects of image segmentation and target number on visual search performance. A two-way repeated-measures computer-based visual search test was used for data collection. Thirty students participated in the test, in which they were asked to search for all of the Landolt Cs in 80 arrays of closed rings. The dependent variables were search time, accuracy, fixation count, and average fixation duration. Our principal findings were that some of the segmentation methods significantly improved accuracy, and reduced search time, fixation count, and average fixation duration, compared with the no-segmentation condition. Increased target number was found to be associated with longer search time, lower accuracy, more fixations, and longer average fixation duration. Our study indicates that although visual search tasks with multiple targets are relatively difficult, the visual search accuracy and efficiency can potentially be improved with the aid of image segmentation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document