Tracking Changes of Social Distancing in the United States of America after Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) at the Early Stage

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1079-1090
Author(s):  
Young Sam Oh ◽  
Na Kyoung Song
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Prevention Model ◽  
Measure Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measure Analysis ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Objectives: This research examines social distancing changes over time, and by region of the United States after the COVID-19 pandemic began. Methods: We utilized information on social distancing from the Google Community Mobility Reports. We performed one-way repeated-measure analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) to examine the overall changes in the 6 types of social distancing from baseline to the 12-week follow-up (March 1 to May 24, 2020). We applied a 2-way RM-ANOVA to evaluate the effects of time and 4 regions on social distancing. Results: According to one-way RM-ANOVA results, social distancing tended to increase until Time 3 (March 30 to April 12) and 4 (April 13 to April 26), before decreasing again, regardless of the area. The 2-way RM-ANOVA results revealed that the social distancing variations in the 6 area types over time were statistically significant in each region, along with the interaction of regions and time. Compared to other regions, social distancing was the highest in the Northeast area, except in park areas. Conclusions: We found that social distancing can be influenced not only by contagion changes, but also by regional differences. Understanding the features of social distancing can play a significant role in helping society build a promising COVID-19 prevention model.

scholarly journals Comparison of Mean Platelet Counts in Preterm Infants with and without Retinopathy of Prematurity

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3783
Author(s):  
Zi Di Lim ◽  
Edwin Pheng ◽  
Evelyn Tai Li Min ◽  
Hans Van Rostenberghe ◽  
Ismail Shatriah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Measure Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measure Analysis ◽  
Over Time

Platelets are a primary source of pro- and anti-angiogenic cytokines. However, the evidence of their role in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is controversial. This retrospective study aimed to compare mean weekly platelet counts between infants with and without ROP over the first 6 weeks of life. A total of 93 infants matched by gestational age and birth weight were recruited (31 with ROP, 62 without ROP). Weekly mean platelet counts and other related risk factors were documented. The repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the repeated measure analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to compare mean platelet counts over time between the two groups, with and without adjusting for confounders. We found significant differences in the weekly mean platelet counts of infants with and without ROP over the first 6 weeks of life (p = 0.002). These differences disappeared after adjusting for covariates (p = 0.489). Lower mean platelet counts in ROP infants are not directly related to ROP, but rather to the presence of other risk factors for ROP, such as culture-proven sepsis, blood transfusion and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Impacts of Social Distancing on Pedestrian Behavior and Risk Perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 1302-1306
Author(s):  
Kyra B. Phillips ◽  
Kelly N. Byrne ◽  
Branden S. Kolarik ◽  
Audra K. Krake ◽  
Young C. Bui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Pedestrian Behavior ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Over Time

Since COVID-19 transmission accelerated in the United States in March 2020, guidelines have recommended that individuals wear masks and limit close contact by remaining at least six feet away from others, even while outdoors. Such behavior is important to help slow the spread of the global pandemic; however, it may require pedestrians to make critical decisions about entering a roadway in order to avoid others, potentially creating hazardous situations for both themselves and for drivers. In this survey study, we found that while overall patterns of self-reported pedestrian activity remained largely consistent over time, participants indicated increased willingness to enter active roadways when encountering unmasked pedestrians since the COVID-19 pandemic began. Participants also rated the risks of encountering unmasked pedestrians as greater than those associated with entering a street, though the perceived risk of passing an unmasked pedestrian on the sidewalk decreased over time.

Changes Over Time in Compassion-Related Variables in the United States

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasha Zarins ◽  
Sara Konrath
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
The United States ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Actual Data ◽  
Risk Spreading ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Compassion, or empathic concern, is an emotional response to another’s suffering, coupled with the desire to take action to alleviate that suffering. Throughout history, older generations have been critical of younger generations, often arguing that they are more self-focused than previous generations. However, it is important to examine actual data with respect to changes over time in such variables. Without doing so, we risk spreading potentially harmful and inaccurate stereotypes about young Americans. The goal of this chapter is to review research examining changes over time in compassion-related variables in the United States. Research suggests that compassion-related variables have indeed been declining over time, while self-focused variables have been increasing. However, we will also discuss counter-arguments and counter-evidence, and present possible implications of this research.

scholarly journals The NAIRU in Theory and Practice

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 115-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Ball ◽  
N. Gregory Mankiw
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Business Cycle Theory ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

This paper discusses the NAIRU—the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment. It first considers the role of the NAIRU concept in business cycle theory, arguing that this concept is implicit in any model in which monetary policy influences both inflation and unemployment. The exact value of the NAIRU is hard to measure, however, in part because it changes over time. The paper then discusses why the NAIRU changes and, in particular, why it fell in the United States during the 1990s. The most promising hypothesis is that the decline in the NAIRU is attributable to the acceleration in productivity growth.

scholarly journals How Smokers Became Outlaws: An Application Of The Stakeholder Salience Model To A Social Problem

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 577
Author(s):  
Susan K. Key ◽  
Rosalia N. Scripa ◽  
Robert Juneau
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Stakeholder Salience ◽  
Stakeholder Groups ◽  
History Of ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Smoking bans have gone from being essentially non-existent to being the norm over the course of the last 50 years. When some of these authors started teaching, it was the norm to smoke in the classroom, in hospitals, on airplanes, in prison and in the office. Times have changedsmoking is no longer allowed in these locations in the United States. In this paper, an overview of the history of smoking advocacy, the impacts of smoke-free legislation on different stakeholders, and changes in public perceptions of smoking are provided. Mitchell and Agles 1997 Stakeholder Salience Model are used to illustrate the changes over time in stakeholder status for both smokers and nonsmokers. The Mitchell Model could have been useful to predict the change in status that the two stakeholder groups experienced and the authors suggest that management should note the emergence of urgent stakeholders in the future, as they may gain salience in other matters that can impact company wealth. Firms have to be aware of both their customers needs (smokers) as well as other social movements that may affect the use of their product, such as nonsmoking legislation. This is the first paper to apply stakeholder salience, including the concepts of urgency, power, and legitimacy, to the changing fortunes of smokers. It looks at how smoking and smokers have gone from the norm in U.S. society to outlaw status.

scholarly journals THE COMPETITIVENESS OF INDONESIA'S EXPORT TO UNITED STATES, 1986-2003: A SHIFT-SHARE ANALYSIS

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Ahmad Helmy Fuady
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
The Us ◽  
Asian Economies ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The objective of this paper is to examine the competitiveness of Indonesia's exports to the United States (US) market, compared to other Asian economies, namely Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, China, Republic of Korea and India, over the period of 1986-2003. A shift-share method is applied to single digit SITC US imports data from those countries. It found that the competitiveness of Indonesia's exports changes over time. The Indonesia's exports reached its best performance in the period 1992-1997. However, after the 1997 economic crisis, Indonesia faces a serious problem, since none of its export has competitiveness in the US market, compared to the reference economy. The analysis also shows that China has consistently posed a serious pressure not only for Indonesia, but also for the other Asian economies.

scholarly journals The Immediate Effect of COVID-19 Policies on Social-Distancing Behavior in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahi Abouk ◽  
Babak Heydari
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Closure ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Before And After ◽  
At Home

Objective Although anecdotal evidence indicates the effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) social-distancing policies, their effectiveness in relation to what is driven by public awareness and voluntary actions needs to be determined. We evaluated the effectiveness of the 6 most common social-distancing policies in the United States (statewide stay-at-home orders, limited stay-at-home orders, nonessential business closures, bans on large gatherings, school closure mandates, and limits on restaurants and bars) during the early stage of the pandemic. Methods We applied difference-in-differences and event-study methodologies to evaluate the effect of the 6 social-distancing policies on Google-released aggregated, anonymized daily location data on movement trends over time by state for all 50 states and the District of Columbia in 6 location categories: retail and recreation, grocery stores and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residences. We compared the outcome of interest in states that adopted COVID-19–related policies with states that did not adopt such policies, before and after these policies took effect during February 15–April 25, 2020. Results Statewide stay-at-home orders had the strongest effect on reducing out-of-home mobility and increased the time people spent at home by an estimated 2.5 percentage points (15.2%) from before to after policies took effect. Limits on restaurants and bars ranked second and resulted in an increase in presence at home by an estimated 1.4 percentage points (8.5%). The other 4 policies did not significantly reduce mobility. Conclusion Statewide stay-at-home orders and limits on bars and restaurants were most closely linked to reduced mobility in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas the potential benefits of other such policies may have already been reaped from voluntary social distancing. Further research is needed to understand how the effect of social-distancing policies changes as voluntary social distancing wanes during later stages of a pandemic.

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