scholarly journals Powiązania handlowe wewnątrz makroregionu Morza Bałtyckiego – w kierunku integracji regionalnej = Trade linkages within the Baltic Sea region – towards regional integration

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-630
Author(s):  
Barbara Szejgiec-Kolenda ◽  
Patryk Duma
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

Two events exerted an essential influence on the development of collaboration in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) in the 21st century, namely: extension of the EU in 2004, due to which Baltic Sea became the inner sea of the EU (except for the Russian coast), and the elaboration and implementation in 2009 of the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, which established the framework for the contemporary deepening of cooperation among the Baltic states inside the EU structures. The initially adopted model of cooperation concentrated on the key environmental issues, to then get extended towards the policy domain, including the transborder policies (institutional cooperation), as well as transport and economic connections (Palmowski, 2017). The article, while following the stream of the current studies of the BSR as an economic region, tries to fill the gap of complexity and dynamism of development processes, concerning the scale and intensity of mutual economic relations in relation to BSR. Thus, the article presents the basic aspects, associated with the introduction of the macroregional strategies in the EU and a short description of the economic integration process of the BSR. Analysis is presented of the most important regularities regarding trade exchange between the countries of the BSR, with consideration of the quantitative changes (volume, dynamics), and of the structural ones (specialization of trade in goods and services), as well as the trade linkages at the local level, as seen from the perspective of Polish exports (case study). International comparisons are based primarily on the economic data on foreign trade in goods and in services. The analysis concentrates on the assessment of the transformations in the years 2011 2019 (for trade in services: 2011 2018), that is – already after the establishment of the Strategy and the period of recession, resulting from the global crisis of 2008. In the course of the recent years the changes in the trade linkages considered brought a significant increase in the volume of trade, both concerning goods and services (46.3%), which confirms the initial proposition of the deepening integration within the BSR. Yet, this process takes place in a spatially uneven manner, and it is significantly stronger for the trade in goods than for the services. Internal trade inside the region accounts for as much as 23.7% of the total trade of the BSR countries (this share for the EU countries amounting to 60.0%). Nowadays, the internal trade with the BSR countries is of the highest importance for the small economies of the Baltic states, which is partly due to their intermediate position between Western Europe and Eastern Europe (including, especially, Russia). The analysis of the spatial development of trade with the Nordic countries at the local level in Poland demonstrates the persistence of the applicability and popularity of the gravity models in the study of regula ities, associated with the development of export relations; for the local economies the distance to the sales market and the local economic base are the essential factors, differentiating the magnitude and the significance of exports, in this case – to the Nordic countries. The macroregional Strategy might be treated as a new form of diversified integration within the EU, while the elaborated instruments of the policy and the strategy implementation process can be seen as the response to the need of the cohesion policy, dedicated to the particular areas of supranational dimensions (Gänzle & Kern, 2016). The BSR is strongly internally differentiated, this statement applying to economic, social and demographic aspects (Kubka, 2018). Moreover, it can be expected that the region will remain a heterogeneous area (Laaser & Schrader, 2002), also in terms of the regional trade patterns. Thereby, new questions arise, concerning the further process of economic integration and the specificity of cooperation in the framework of the BSR.

scholarly journals Impact of the new European Union landfill directive on the Baltic Sea region

2019 ◽  
pp. 393-404
Author(s):  
Bertil Paulsson ◽  
William Hogland
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

The Baltic Sea region with population exceeding 100 million which in the future will constitute about one quarter of the population in the European Union if Estonia, Latvia Lithuania and Poland are accepted as members. These countries in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea region are foreseen a rapid economic and technical development. Technologies and industries from different parts of the world are invading and the generation of waste will probably increase drastically if measures for avoidance are not taken.Applying the EU Directive 75/442 EEC on waste, witch current amendments, on the presumptive new members will imply drastic changes for the countries concerned, environmentally as well as economically. In addition an EU Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfilling of waste is decided April 26 1999. The new Directive indicates a substantial reduction of the amount of waste ending up at landfill sites. Member countries of the union have started to prepare them selves for the new situation. Countries interested in becoming members might however not be aware of the cost of the new requirements. Investigations of the situation in these countries indicates that upgrading of their waste management to EU standard will require huge economic resources. Implementation of a new landfill system and development of close down programme for existing old dumps including post closure environmental control will demand economic resources and import of technology and technical education. According to the landfill Directive as little landfilling as possible should be carried out which means that the waste must be handled with other methods that are not commonly used in all countries. Those new technologies will probably to high extent be imported from the EU - countries rather then developed and manufactured locally. The new technologies introduced must be adopted to the local situation.

scholarly journals When Soft Spaces Harden: The EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Metzger ◽  
Peter Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

Sweden and the Baltic Sea Region

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikard Bengtsson
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
European Level ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

Swedish policy towards the Baltic Sea region in the post-Cold-War period reflects an internationalist approach aimed at institutionalizing regional cooperative mechanisms, along with a generic interest in managing relations with Russia. The Baltic region is of significant strategic interest to Sweden. From a strategic foreign policy perspective, the institutions-based approach to regional cooperation can be viewed as a formula for Sweden to multilateralize relations with Russia while simultaneously reaping economic and security benefits that stem from regional and European-level interdependencies. The roles that follow from this approach—as regional integrator and as normative critic of Russia—are increasingly enacted through European channels, primarily the EU.

scholarly journals SECURITY COOPERATION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION: TODAY AND FUTURE IN THE WORLD CONTEXT

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Antanas Makštutis
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Security Cooperation ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Future ◽  
Market Factors ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Eu

The paper analyzes the global economic factors of security cooperation in the Baltic Sea region that have an effect on the present and future development of national markets in separate states of this region within the development of the common market of the European Union (EU). It is noted that the EU principal market factors of today: the free movement of people, goods and capital destabilizes the development of a separate state market in the Baltic Sea region, and the tasks of a national state in the future will become still more complicated. The work provides the research results of the factors of a specific geopolitical environment in the Baltic Sea region; the ways and methods are foreseen for solving the future political, economic and social problems in this region under the conditions of globalization.

scholarly journals Editorial Foreword

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
Silviu-Marian Miloiu
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Empire Building ◽  
The North ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

A large part of the articles published in the current issue of Revista Română de Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies have been initially presented at the Fourth International Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania: Empire-Building and Region-Building in the Baltic, North and Black Sea areas held at Ovidius University Of Constanța in May 2013. The conference approached the North in the wider perspective of regional cooperation intra- and extra-Nordic muros. The North is regarded as a springboard of regional cooperation which has a strong though faltering historical and cultural background and an obvious European dimension. The downfall of the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the process of European integration (whether some of the Nordic countries belong to the EU or not, they are all part and parcel of the process and deeply affected by it) have encouraged the development of regional cooperation in Northern Europe. Belonging to the Northern dimension of the EU meant not only maintaining a regional identity with deep roots in history and culture and making the others acknowledge it, but also strengthening the influence of Nordic countries within and outside the EU and fostering other regional cooperation initiatives in the Baltic Sea area and outside it. Patterned on the Nordic regional cooperation, the Baltic States of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia strengthened their regional cooperation and envisaged deepening their ties to surrounding areas, especially with the Nordic countries. Alongside the Nordic countries, they also gradually turned into a model for the Danubian and Black Sea countries. In this respect, the conference addressed themes such as: the empire building, region-building, national/nationalist, cultural construction discourses present in these regions; the historic development of these regional initiatives and/or organizations and the relations between them; political, cultural and diplomatic relations between Baltic and/or Nordic states, on the one hand, and the Black Sea countries, on the other hand; the relations between the EU integration and different Baltic, North and Black Sea regional structures; education and leadership in the context of regionalization in the Baltic Sea and Black Sea areas; linguistic unity and diversity in Scandinavia and the Baltic states; Nordic and Baltic identity through cultural diversity; water protection in the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea Region and the role of agriculture; inter- and intra-regional comparisons.

scholarly journals Reinventing the Baltic Sea Region: From the Hansa to the Eu-Strategy of 2009

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Michael North
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Political ◽  
Eastern Enlargement ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
Physical Setting ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
New Situation ◽  
The Eu

The political changes of 1989 stimulated a new perception and perspective of the Baltic Sea Region. And this gained momentum with the Eastern Enlargement of the EU. The new situation encouraged research as well. In this context the “Baltic Sea” is not an unchangeable physical setting, but also a construction of different actors or protagonists. People and powers continuously reinvent the Baltic Sea Region. That is why; the following paper focuses on the different notions of the Baltic Sea Region from the Middle Ages up to now and also examines the recent EU-Strategy of this region.

scholarly journals Territorial Cooperation—A Factor Stimulating Baltic Sea Region Energy Transition

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 436
Author(s):  
Tomasz Studzieniecki ◽  
Tadeusz Palmowski ◽  
Remigiusz Joeck
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

Energy transition is a multi-dimensional process of developing sustainable economies by seeking renewable energy sources, saving energy, and improving energy efficiency. This process follows the rules of sustainable development. The article presents an analysis of energy transition in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) enjoying long-term and intensive territorial cooperation. The region embraces 11 countries diversified in terms of their economic development level and the use of renewable energy sources. The article strives to answer the question of whether territorial cooperation contributes to BSR energy transition, and if so, in what way. Another goal is to identify the transition drivers that arise from the Baltic Sea Region’s unique characteristics. The authors applied the system analysis methodology. The performed literature studies allowed the researchers to identify the attributes of energy transition. Empirical research relied on secondary sources, including the European Union (EU) statistics, The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR), and related documents. The key role in the conducted research can be attributed to the EU projects database (keep.eu), which enabled identifying the 2016–2020 programmes and projects. The research identified 14 BSR territorial cooperation programmes and 1471 projects conducted under the programmes, including 137 energy transition-related projects. The project results were presented in quantitative and qualitative terms.

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