The Politics of Attack

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Loadenthal
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Police Station ◽  
Political Critique ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Urban Guerrillas ◽  
Organic Intellectual ◽  
Social War

The politics of attack is an exploration of insurrectionary anarchist praxis, with a particular focus on the rhetoric, discourse, and theory found in communiqués. This book challenges the reader to consider the marginalized ideas put forth by those political actors that communicate through bombs, arson, and broken windows, and who are rejected through the state’s construction of terrorism. When a police station is firebombed, the subsequent discussions focus more on the illegality of the act rather than the socio-political critique the actor put forth. What if we were to embrace the means through which the militant, ‘organic intellectual’ acts, and consider the communiqué’s content, the way one would consider any political text? This inter-textual analysis is presented within a political and historical context, with the hopes of elevating the discussion of insurrectionary praxis beyond notions of terrorism and securitization and towards its application for intersectional challenges to structural violence and domination. In the social war being waged by insurrectionary anarchists, small acts of violence are announced and contextualized through written communiqués, which are posted online, translated, and circulated globally. This book offers the first contemporary history of these post-millennial, digitally-mediated, insurrectionary anarchist networks, and seeks to locate this tendency within anti-state struggles from the past. Through an examination of thousands of movement documents, this book presents the discourse offered by clandestine, urban guerrillas fighting capitalism, the state, and the omnipresent forces of violence and coercion.

scholarly journals Does Basic Sanitation Prevent Diarrhea? Contextualizing Recent Intervention Trials through a Historical Lens

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Jesse D. Contreras ◽  
Joseph N.S. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
The Social ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
The One ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Significant Protective Effect

Three of four recent major sanitation intervention trials found no effect on diarrhea. These results conflicted with longstanding beliefs from decades of literature. To understand this discordance, we placed recent trials into the historical context that preceded them in two ways. First, we evaluated the history of published literature reviews on sanitation and diarrhea. Second, we conducted meta-analyses on studies from the most recent systematic review to uncover features that predict effectiveness. We found that 13 literature reviews dating to 1983 consistently estimated a significant protective effect of sanitation against diarrhea. However, these were marred by flawed studies and inappropriately averaged effects across widely heterogeneous interventions and contexts. Our meta-analyses highlight that the overall effect of sanitation on diarrhea was largely driven by sewerage and interventions that improved more than sanitation alone. There is no true overall effect of sanitation because variability between intervention types and implementation contexts is too complex to average. Ultimately, the null effects of recent latrine interventions are not surprising. Instead, the one trial that found a strong relative reduction in diarrhea is the historical outlier. The development of transformative sanitation interventions requires a better understanding of the social and environmental contexts that determine intervention effectiveness.

Back to the Origins: The Tragic History of the Szekler Sabbatarians

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-585
Author(s):  
Gábor Győrffy ◽  
Zoltán Tibori-Szabó ◽  
Júlia-Réka Vallasek
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
World War ◽  
Institutional Form ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
Detailed Presentation

Sabbatarians were the only proselyte religious community that had an official institutional form in nineteenth-century Europe. This study aims to present the history and gradual disintegration of the Sabbatarian community and their acceptance of a common fate with Transylvanian Jewry during the Second World War. This is realized by, first, outlining the historical context of the formation of Sabbatarianism; second, by describing the social and political circumstances of Transylvanian Jews in the first half of the twentieth century; and third, by giving a detailed presentation of the 1944 deportations and other related events.

scholarly journals Proto-CSR Before the Industrial Revolution: Institutional Experimentation by Medieval Miners’ Guilds

2019 ◽  
Vol 166 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Hielscher ◽  
Bryan W. Husted
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Capitalist Firm ◽  
Medieval Germany ◽  
History Of ◽  
Corporate Social

Abstract In this paper, we argue that antecedents of modern corporate social responsibility (CSR) prior to the Industrial Revolution can be referred to as “proto-CSR” to describe a practice that influenced modern CSR, but which is different from its modern counterparts in form and structure. We develop our argument with the history of miners’ guilds in medieval Germany—religious fraternities and secular mutual aid societies. Based on historical data collected by historians and archeologists, we reconstruct a long-term process of pragmatic experimentation with institutions of mutual aid that address social problems in the early mining industry, and thus before the rise of the modern state and the capitalist firm. Co-shaped by economic and political actors, these institutions of mutual aid have influenced the social responsibility programs of early industrialists, modern social welfare legislation, and contemporary CSR. We conjecture that other elements of proto-CSR might have evolved according to similar trajectories.

On Democracy in Iran in the Islamic Republic Era: A Knowledge-based Social Outline

2021 ◽  
pp. 234779892110029
Author(s):  
Morteza Mirzanejad ◽  
Sirous Amerian ◽  
Negar Partow
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Social Foundations ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Iranians’ struggle for democracy has dominated the contemporary history of the country for the last century. These attempts have often resulted in the emergence of authoritarian regimes rather than institutionalizing democracy in the body of the state. Scholars and politicians often consider the process of institutionalism of democracy in Iran to be a top-down approach toward political reform. The literature on the topic either focuses on economics and its associated politics or industrialization and legal reform as keys to success but often ignores the social foundations of institutionalism of democracy and, in the process, undermines their roles. Transition to democracy in Iran requires a social context based on Habermas’ “Tripartite of Knowledge,” and these conditions democratize the construction of a social system that prioritizes rational inquiry, socio-moral knowledge, and sociopolitical knowledge, and the need is to form a democratic society in line with the realization of political democratization.

scholarly journals Profetismo e resistência: crítica à cidade injusta a partir do olhar de um camponês (Mq 3, 9-12) | Prophetism and resistance: criticism of the unjust city from the perspective of a peasant (Mic 3, 9-12)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-149
Author(s):  
Gilda Silva ◽  
Luiz Alexandre Solano Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
The Political ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Human Relationship ◽  
People Of God ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

Este estudo aborda o profetismo bíblico em Miqueias (Mq 3,9-12). Em uma terra devastada, em que não há mais profetas, justifica-se o resgate do profetismo como missão em denunciar a injustiça e anunciar o direito, mais especificamente em relação aos vulneráveis. O objetivo deste estudo é compreender os atos proféticos de Miqueias, apropriando-se deles como chave de leitura para a atualidade, à luz da História da Salvação, conceituando-se resistência como resgate da relação humana com a terra, enquanto vínculo sagrado com a Promessa de Deus a seu Povo. Este intento será conseguido mediante revisão bibliográfica e aproximação bíblico-teológica, buscando-se a reflexão e a entrega do significado do texto conforme o contexto histórico vivido com as lideranças político-religiosas em Miqueias (Mq 3,9-12). Ao investigar a ruptura da Aliança, a perda da posse da terra e a perda do vínculo como nação em Israel, vividas pelos camponeses contemporâneos a Miqueias, procura-se delimitar a responsabilidade pela relativização do direito à terra, como aliança sagrada e consequente perda da condição de identidade como Povo de Deus. Resultados: O estudo demonstrou a função social do profeta como decodificador do momento histórico, atemporal, levado pela força da indignação, da qual procede sua resistência, não solitária, mas, solidária, amparada no sonho coletivo e comunitário, organizado e possível. Considerações Finais: A pesquisa ampliou a compreensão bíblica e teológica da necessidade do resgate da dignidade humana em periferias urbanas, construindo a cidade justa, fundada na agroecologia urbana e na bem-aventurança da simplicidade. This study speaks about the theme of biblical prophetism in Micah (Mic 3,9-12). In a devastated land, where there are no more prophets, the rescue of prophetism as a mission to denounce injustice and announce the right, more specifically in relation to the vulnerable, is justified. The objective of this study is to understand the prophetic acts of Micah, appropriating them as a key for reading today, in the light of the History of Salvation, conceptualizing resistance as a rescue of the human relationship with the earth, as a sacred connection with the Promise of God to his People. This intent will be achieved through a bibliographic review and a biblical-theological approach, seeking to reflect and rescue the meaning of the text according to the historical context experienced with the political-religious leaders in Micah (Mic 3,9-12). In investigating the rupture of the Alliance, loss of land ownership, loss of the bond as a nation in Israel, experienced by contemporary peasants to Micah, it seeks to delimit the responsibility for the relativization of the right to land as a sacred alliance, and consequent loss of the condition of identity as People of God. Results: The study seeks to demonstrate the social function of the prophet as a decoder of the historical, timeless moment, driven by the force of indignation, from which comes his resistance, not solitary, but, solidary, supported by the collective and community dream, organized and possible. Final Considerations: The research intends to base biblically and theologically the rescue of human dignity in urban peripheries, building the just city, founded on urban agroecology and the bliss of simplicity.

scholarly journals Who killed poor Liza? Cultural transmission in Nikolay Karamzin’s novel Poor Liza

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-134
Author(s):  
M. A. Dudareva
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
National Space ◽  
The Social ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Types

An appeal to the novel “Poor Lisa” by Nikolay Karamzin in an extensive cultural and historical context provides an opportunity to pose a question on the transmission of culture, its “vertical” dimension. This makes it possible to distinguish between the characters according to their cultural types: Liza is a person of “soil”, endowed with ancestors’ sacred knowledge, while Erast is a man of «culture» out of touch with the ground. In this regard, it proves to be relevant not so much the social inequality of the characters, as noted by the researchers, as their different worldview, attitude to nature, love, etc. Parallel with the Russian folklore tradition, lyrics, where the concept of «love» is represented through the lexemes «sweetheart», «soul», «heart» are also challenging in this respect. It is to this archaic knowledge, the heritage of centuries, that Liza, the main character, is attached. Separation from love, a broken heart in this context is equivalent to the loss of life. Based on such representations, Liza’s act is considered from a different angle: death is the only possible outcome for the heroine, for her heart life. In the typological aspect, it is fruitful to refer to Montaigne’s Essays, to his statements on heart life, which is to a great extent consistent with the life of nature. At that time, Montaigne’s philosophy was well known to Russian literary figures.The methodological basis of the study includes structural-typological, comparative, and system-complex (culturological) research methods, ensuring a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the artistic text and making it possible to show the national space in Karamzin’s novel. The results may be interesting to both philologists and cultural scientists, and can also be used in courses on the history of Russian literature.

A Few Bad Apples or the Logic of Capitalism?

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-24
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Economic Crime ◽  
Social Market Economy ◽  
Active Citizenship ◽  
Public Television ◽  
Neoliberal Globalization ◽  
Crime Drama ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Market

This article investigates how neoliberal globalization has been mediated through audiovisual narratives since the 2000s. It identifies a cluster of films, produced by and circulating on German public television, which use the generic conventions of the popular crime genre to constitute a sub-genre—the televisual economic crime drama. Using a content and textual analysis that focuses on the backdrop of historical context and genre norms, the article examines key tropes to assess the critical potential of this sub-genre. The analysis demonstrates that both the containment theme of “a few bad apples” and a systemic critique can structure these narratives of neoliberalism. At its best, the televisual economic crime drama argues that alternatives to neoliberalism are possible by referencing Germany’s history of the social market economy and by featuring characters as well as images of active citizenship, solidarity, and collective action in the workplace.

History of the Anthracite Region, 1830 to 1897

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-50
Author(s):  
Michael P. Roller
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Chapter 2 provides a historical context of the Anthracite region against the background of industrialization, modernity, and mass immigration. In this chapter the development of the anthracite industry is inextricably linked to broader historical contingencies. Global depressions, political developments, and mass migrations shaped the social and economic patterns in the region.

A community of grace: the social and theological world of the Puṣṭi Mārga vārtā literature

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHANDIP SAHA
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Central India ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Religious Influence ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hindi Literature

In the history of Hindi literature, the oldest extant text of medieval Hindi prose is the collection of hagiography known as the as the vārtā literature which, since the seventeenth century, has been central to the religious life of the Hindu devotional community known as the Puṣṭi Mārga. This article argues that a close examination of these texts in their proper social and historical context reveals that the vārtā literature was written and revised during a time when the Puṣṭi Mārga was slowly expanding its sphere of religious influence in Western and Central India. The result was a body of literature whose principal purpose was to shape the religious self-identity of the Puṣṭi Mārga by stressing the community as a close-knit and exclusive fellowship of believers who owed their final allegiance to Kṛṣṇna and the community's religious leaders who were known as mahārājas.

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