scholarly journals A residence time theory for biodiversity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J Locey ◽  
Jay T Lennon
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Individual Based Models ◽  
Growth Activity ◽  
Ecological Hierarchy ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Time Theory

From microorganisms to the largest macroorganisms, much of Earth’s biodiversity is subject to forces of physical turnover. Residence time is the ratio of an ecosystem’s size to its rate of flow and provides a means for understanding the influence of physical turnover on biological systems. Despite its use across scientific disciplines, residence time has not been integrated into the broader understanding of biodiversity, life history, and the assembly of ecological communities. Here, we propose a residence time theory for the growth, activity, abundance, and diversity of traits and taxa in complex ecological systems. Using thousands of stochastic individual-based models to simulate energetically constrained life history processes, we show that our predictions are conceptually sound, mutually compatible, and support ecological relationships that underpin much of biodiversity theory. We discuss the importance of residence time across the ecological hierarchy and propose how residence time can be integrated into theories ranging from population genetics to macroecology.

scholarly journals A residence time theory for biodiversity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J Locey ◽  
Jay T Lennon
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Individual Based Models ◽  
Growth Activity ◽  
Ecological Hierarchy ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Time Theory

From microorganisms to the largest macroorganisms, much of Earth’s biodiversity is subject to forces of physical turnover. Residence time is the ratio of an ecosystem’s size to its rate of flow and provides a means for understanding the influence of physical turnover on biological systems. Despite its use across scientific disciplines, residence time has not been integrated into the broader understanding of biodiversity, life history, and the assembly of ecological communities. Here, we propose a residence time theory for the growth, activity, abundance, and diversity of traits and taxa in complex ecological systems. Using thousands of stochastic individual-based models to simulate energetically constrained life history processes, we show that our predictions are conceptually sound, mutually compatible, and support ecological relationships that underpin much of biodiversity theory. We discuss the importance of residence time across the ecological hierarchy and propose how residence time can be integrated into theories ranging from population genetics to macroecology.

scholarly journals A residence-time framework for biodiversity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J Locey ◽  
Jay T Lennon
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Limited Life ◽  
Individual Based Models

Residence time (τ) is the average amount of time that particles spend in an ecosystem. Often estimated from the ratio of volume to flow rate, τ equates the physical environment with dynamics of growth. Here, we propose that τ is key to understanding relationships between biodiversity and the physical ecosystem. We hypothesize that τ acts as a force of selection on traits related to growth and persistence by coupling dispersal and resource supply. We test a suite of predictions using >10,000 stochastic individual-based models that simulate resource-limited life history among ecologically distinct species within complex environments. Predicted relationships between τ and abundance, productivity, and diversity emerged alongside realistic macroecological patterns. Abundance and productivity were greatest when τ equaled an emergent property ϕ, which captures energy-based trade-offs between growth and persistence. From individual metabolism to the dynamics of bioreactors, soils, lakes, and oceans, ecological systems should inherently be governed by τ.

A CONE WEEVIL, CONOTRACHELUS NEOMEXICANUS, ON PONDEROSA PINE IN COLORADO: LIFE HISTORY, HABITS, AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (7) ◽  
pp. 693-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Bodenham ◽  
Robert E. Stevens ◽  
T. O. Thatcher
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life History ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
North Central ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Pine Cones

AbstractConotrachelus neomexicanus Fall occurs throughout the range of Pinus ponderosa Laws. in the central and southwestern United States. It is commonly found infesting ponderosa pine cones in north-central Colorado. C. neomexicanus is univoltine. Eggs are laid in second-year cones from May through July. Larvae mine extensively in the cones and drop to the ground for pupation in the soil. Adults emerge from the soil in late summer and early fall, return to the trees to feed on twigs, and presumably hibernate in sheltered locations during the winter A tachinid fly, Myiophasia sp. nr. ruficornis Tns., is an internal parasitoid of weevil larvae.

scholarly journals Comparative ecology of conifer-feeding spruce budworms (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 148 (S1) ◽  
pp. S33-S57 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.G. Nealis
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Trophic Interactions ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Comparative Ecology ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
Phylogenetic Constraints

AbstractThe comparative ecology of conifer-feeding budworms in the genusChoristoneuraLederer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Canada is reviewed with emphasis on publications since 1980. Systematics and life history are updated and historical outbreak patterns and their current interpretation summarised. Recent evidence is analysed in the context of ecological interactions among three trophic levels; host plant, budworm herbivore, and natural enemies. The influence of weather and climate are viewed as modulating factors. The population behaviour of budworms is interpreted as the result of tri-trophic interactions that vary at different scales. The result of these multi-scale interactions is that despite shared phylogenetic constraints and common adaptations, different budworm species display different population behaviour because of specific ecological relationships with their respective hosts and natural enemies.

LIFE HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT, AND INSECT–HOST RELATIONSHIPS OF XYLEBORUS CELSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN MISSOURI

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Gagne ◽  
W. H. Kearby
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
South Central ◽  
Immature Development ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Host Relationships

AbstractThe biological and ecological relationships of the hickory timber beetle, Xyleborus celsus Eichoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and black hickory, Carya texana (Buckley), were studied for 2 years in south-central Missouri. X. celsus was bivoltine and overwintered as an adult. Development from egg to adult required ca. 35 days. There were three larval instars. Brood adults either extended the galleries in which they completed immature development or emerged to seek new hosts. Most attacks occurred within 1.5 m above ground level The most heavily attacked height interval in the basal 1 m of 10–17 cm D.B.H. trees varied. This variability is correlated to the temporal relation of girdling of the tree and beetle attack. Aspect of beetle attack varied at random. Conditions for X. celsus development were not uniform in the basal 1 m of infested trees.

The Ecology and Management of Wood in World Rivers

2003 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Habitat Structure ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Riparian Areas ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
Clear Link ◽  
Aquatic Wildlife ◽  
Riparian Habitats ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
World Rivers

<em>Abstract.</em>—Wood in rivers, or wood deposited from fluvial processes, provides unique habitat for terrestrial and aquatic wildlife species. Many wildlife species utilize riparian areas for some portion of their life history primarily due to the universal need for water, the presence of unique plant assemblages, and the diversity of microhabitats produced by the dynamics of river systems. Wood in rivers provides four primary functions for aquatic and terrestrial wildlife species: habitat structure, shelter, patchiness of habitat, and increased food resources. Abundance and diversity of wildlife species are enhanced by wood in rivers, and they, in turn, shape and maintain aquatic and riparian habitats. Though there is a clear link between wood in rivers and riparian wildlife communities, knowledge about their interactions and interdependence is sparse.

The impact of population structure on population and community dynamics

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-73
Author(s):  
André M. de Roos
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Population Models ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Structured Population Models ◽  
Structured Population ◽  
Species Abundances ◽  
Population And Community Dynamics ◽  
The Individual

Ecological theory about dynamics of interacting species constitutes the basis for our understanding of the functioning of ecological communities and ecosystems and their responses to changing environmental conditions, natural disturbances, and human impacts. The mathematical foundation of this theory emphasizes changes in species abundances only, ignoring those aspects that make biological organisms unique, in particular within-population variation due to individual development during life history and individual energetics. In contrast, structured population models do take these aspects into account and hence explicitly link individual life history to population dynamics. In this chapter, I review the different types of structured population models and which purposes they are especially suited for. I will subsequently focus on physiologically structured population models (PSPMs), which are especially suited to model the interactions within and between populations. I will review the key ecological insights that have been derived using PSPMs and show how and why predictions by PSPMs often contrast with the basic rules-of-thumb that make up classical theory based on unstructured models. Finally, I will discuss the experimental and empirical evidence for the counter-intuitive predictions by PSPMs, emphasizing that PSPMs allow for testing at both the individual and population level and hence for a tight link between theory and data.

The function and evolution of penicillinase

1971 ◽  
Vol 179 (1057) ◽  
pp. 385-401 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Biochemical Evolution ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intimate Knowledge ◽  
Specific Inhibitors

In order to construct biologically useful hypotheses on plausible pathways for the evolution of an enzyme, it is important to know something about the probable physiological function, as well as the chemistry, of the molecular varieties existing at present. Yet, function of a part of an organism—be it a morphological entity or simply a species of protein—is a notoriously subjective quality, difficult to assess without intimate knowledge of the life history of the organism and its natural ecological relationships. Chemical structure, for these purposes, is equivalent to amino acid sequence, for it is by comparison of different sequences in a homologous series of proteins that some idea can be obtained as to the most likely steps in their biochemical evolution at the level of the structural genes concerned. In this critical review, it is argued that existing evidence on the whole tends to favour the conclusion that the β-lactamases function in general as detoxifying agents, acting against the penicillins and cephalosporins, and that their evolutionary history has been tuned by selection in a natural environment where these classes of compound have operated as specific inhibitors of bacterial growth.

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