scholarly journals Retaining the double dimension of species diversity: Application of partially ordered set theory and Hasse diagrams

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kampichler ◽  
Ralf Wieland
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Partial Order ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Partial Ordering ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Partially Ordered ◽  
Hasse Diagrams

The measurement of species diversity has been a central task of community ecology from the mid 20th century onward. The conventional method of designing a diversity index is to combine values for species richness and assemblage evenness into a single composite score. The literature abounds with such indices. Each index weights richness and evenness in a different fashion. The conventional approach has repeatedly been criticized since there is an infinite number of potential indices which have a minimum value when S (species richness) = 1 and a maximum value when S = N (number of individuals). We argue that partial order theory is a sound mathematical fundament and demonstrate that it is an attractive alternative for comparing and ranking biological diversity without the necessity of combining values for species richness and evenness into an ambiguous diversity index. The general principle of partial ordering is simple: one particular assemblage is regarded as more diverse than another when both its species richness and its evenness are higher. Assemblages are not comparable with each other when one has a higher value for species richness and a lower value for evenness. Hasse diagrams can graphically represent partially ordered communities. Linear extensions and rank-frequency distributions reveal the potential of partial order theory as a means to support decisions when assemblage ranking is desired.

scholarly journals Retaining the double dimension of species diversity: Application of partially ordered set theory and Hasse diagrams

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kampichler ◽  
Ralf Wieland
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Partial Order ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Partial Ordering ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Partially Ordered ◽  
Hasse Diagrams

The measurement of species diversity has been a central task of community ecology from the mid 20th century onward. The conventional method of designing a diversity index is to combine values for species richness and assemblage evenness into a single composite score. The literature abounds with such indices. Each index weights richness and evenness in a different fashion. The conventional approach has repeatedly been criticized since there is an infinite number of potential indices which have a minimum value when S (species richness) = 1 and a maximum value when S = N (number of individuals). We argue that partial order theory is a sound mathematical fundament and demonstrate that it is an attractive alternative for comparing and ranking biological diversity without the necessity of combining values for species richness and evenness into an ambiguous diversity index. The general principle of partial ordering is simple: one particular assemblage is regarded as more diverse than another when both its species richness and its evenness are higher. Assemblages are not comparable with each other when one has a higher value for species richness and a lower value for evenness. Hasse diagrams can graphically represent partially ordered communities. Linear extensions and rank-frequency distributions reveal the potential of partial order theory as a means to support decisions when assemblage ranking is desired.

scholarly journals Baseline Assessments of Wildlife Biodiversity Within Selected Areas of Central Visayas, Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
RP Jose ◽  
WA Aureo ◽  
CI Narido ◽  
TD Reyes Jr ◽  
MB Sarnowski
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Population Trends ◽  
Species Richness And Diversity ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
Biodiversity Inventories ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Areas Of Protection

A comprehensive inventory of faunal biodiversity was conducted within three Key Biodiversity Areas of Central Visayas. Mt. Bandilaan Natural Park (MBNP), Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park (BTLNP), and Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape (RSPL). Three primary wildlife groups were surveyed: bats, birds and amphibians. Species diversity and population trends were then analyzed to assess areas of biodiversity importance. RSPL generally had the highest species richness and diversity index while MBNP consistently had the lowest. When pooled. The surveyed areas resulted in a high diversity index and rate of endemicity showing the importance of multiple areas of protection. These findings can be utilized to prioritize habitat protection as well as to serve as a baseline information for future biodiversity inventories. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2020, 6(2): 27-34

Species structure in Zambian miombo woodland

1987 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Chidumayo
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Species Density ◽  
Species Structure ◽  
Miombo Woodland ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACTMiombo woodland in Zambia is divided into wetter and drier types by the 1100 mm mean rainfall isohyet. In the present study two wetter (Northern, Northwestern) and three drier (Central, Eastern, Western) miombo subtypes were recognized.A survey of the woody flora of 94 old-growth and 58 coppice stands in the five miombo subtypes revealed some significant differences in species diversity among them. The floristic differentiantion of miombo subtypes was best achieved by the use of the Shannon species diversity index (H′) and species density (number of species 0.1 ha−1 or 0.4 ha−1). H′ in miombo decreased from 2.247 in Northwestern to 2.136 in Northern, 2.052 in Eastern, 1.918 in Central and 1.824 in Western subtypes. Although species density was not significantly different between wetter miombo subtypes, this decreased in a similar fashion from 18.78 0.1 ha−1 in Northwestern to 18.30 in Northern, 16.65 in Eastern, 14.79 in Central and 12.29 in Western subtypes. The low species diversity in Western drier miombo was attributed to the combined effects of low soil fertility and rainfall.Although the mean number of species per 0.1 ha plot was higher in coppice samples, species richness (d) and index of diversity (H′) were lower than in old-growth samples. These results indicate lower species diversity in regenerating miombo. The dynamic aspects of species structure should therefore be considered in the future conservation of biological diversity in miombo woodland.

scholarly journals Butterfly diversity of Putalibazar Municipality, Syangja District, Gandaki Province, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 18827-18845
Author(s):  
Kismat Neupane ◽  
Mahamad Sayab Miya
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Butterfly Diversity ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index

A study was carried out to find the butterfly species diversity and abundance in Putalibazar Municipality, Syangja, Gandaki, Nepal, from June 2019 to July 2020. Pollard walk method was used for data collection in three different habitat types: forest, agricultural land, and settlement area. The study was performed in all seasons: pre-monsoon, monsoon, post monsoon and winter. A total of 180 butterfly species from 108 genera and six families were recorded. The overall Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) was 4.48. The highest diversity was represented by the Nymphalidae with 67 species (H= 3.79). Butterfly diversity and species abundance was highest in the forest area (147 species, 1199 individuals; H= 4.47). The highest species richness (109 species) was observed in the monsoon season.

scholarly journals Effect of Cutting Pattern and Fertilization Level on Species Diversity and Evaluation of Grassland Quality

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1087-1093
Author(s):  
Josef Raus ◽  
Pavel Knot ◽  
Jiří Skládanka ◽  
Michal Kvasnovský ◽  
Martin Sochorec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Fertilization Rates ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Cutting Pattern ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Fertilization Level ◽  
Exploitation Intensity

The effects of fertilization level and cutting pattern on the species diversity and quality of a meadow stand were assessed in 2004–2012 in the small plot trial established in 2003 in Vatín, Vysočina Region, Czech Republic. Four levels of fertilization (none; N0 + P30 + K60 kg∙ha−1; N90 + P30 + K60 kg∙ha−1; N180 + P30 + K60 kg∙ha−1) were combined with four treatments of exploitation intensity (4 cuts per year, first cut on 15th May, every next after 45 days; 3 cuts per year, first cut on 30th May, every next after 60 days; 2 cuts per year, first cut on 15th June, next after 90 days; 2 cuts per year, first cut on 30th June, next after 90 days). Numbers of species, Simpson’s diversity index and evaluation of grassland quality according to Novák (2004) were evaluated. Numbers of species and Simpson’s diversity index were significantly affected by both fertilization level and cutting pattern. Species richness decreased along with increasing fertilization rates from 29.4 (no fertilization) to 27.8 (N180PK). When comparing cutting pattern treatments the highest species richness was found in four-cut swards (29.6 in average of fertilization levels) and it declines towards late double-cut regime (27.2). The Simpson’s index generally increased from two-cut swards to four-cut and from fertilized treatments to control. Grassland quality was significantly affected by cutting pattern. Values increased from four-cut swards (38.1) to two-cut ones (43.8 and 44.0 in early and late harvest respectively).

scholarly journals Keanekaragaman dan Kelimpahan Belalang dan Kerabatnya (Orthoptera) pada Dua Ekosistem Pegunungan di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
NETY VIRGO ERAWATI ◽  
SIH KAHONO
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
National Park ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Sweep Net

A study on diversity and abundance of grasshopper and its relatives (Orthoptera) was conducted at two mountainous rainforest ecosystems (Mounts Kendeng and Botol) of Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park. A hundred meters of a line transect was used to sample and set up several insect traps (yellow pan, malaise, pit fall, bait pit fall, sweep net, and light traps), and insect sweepings as well. The light traps were set up at about fifty meters distance from the end of the sampling sites. A total individual collected by traps was combined on every comparable sampling site. Total individuals of the Orthoptera captured were 414; consisted of 25 species of 9 families. Both species diversity and number of families were higher at Mount Kendeng rather than Mount Botol. Number of species of each family usually similar except on family of Grillidae was much higher at Mount Kendeng. Species belong to Phasmidae was not recorded at Mount Kendeng, while species belong to both families of Gryllotalpidae and Tettigonidae were not captured at Mount Botol as well. Overal there was a difference in the species richness at each between. Shannon Diversity Index (H’) and evenness (E) were higher at Mount Kendeng (2.44 and 0.81) rather than Mount Botol (1.80 and 0.66). Similarity Index of Jaccard (Cj) and Sorenson (Cn) of both localities were similar (0.40 and 0.32). Herbivores were most dominant at both localities (Phasmidae, Tetrigidae, Acrididae, Gryllidae, dan Gryllotalpidae), followed by omnivores (Blattidae), scavenger (Gryllacrididae), and predator (Mantidae).

Partial Orders on the 2-Cell

1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-416
Author(s):  
E. D. Tymchatyn
Keyword(s):  
Partial Order ◽  
Metric Space ◽  
Closed Subset ◽  
Cartesian Product ◽  
Partial Orders ◽  
Partial Ordering ◽  
Compact Metric Space ◽  
Partially Ordered ◽  
Ordered Space

A partially ordered space is an ordered pair (X, ≤) where X is a compact metric space and ≤ is a partial ordering on X such that ≤ is a closed subset of the Cartesian product X×X. ≤ is said to be a closed partial order on X.

scholarly journals Species Diversity and Distribution Pattern of Grassland and Cultivated Land Species in Upper Manang, Nepal Trans-Himalayas

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 76-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuber Prasad Bhatta ◽  
Ram Prasad Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Angiosperm Species

One of the easiest and the most common way to estimate the biological diversity at a place is to enumerate the organisms at species level, which helps to find the basic patterns of biodiversity at the place. A sound knowledge on floristic composition of particular area is essential to understand the resources, their sustainable use and conservation purposes. Altogether 600 specimens were collected from the Upper Manang area covering an elevation gradient of 2600m to 5200m from sea level, and of which 220 species belonging to 138 genera and 50 families were identified up to species level and used to estimate species richness. Of the total identified species, greatest diversity was found within the families Compositae and Labiatae, comprising 14 and 11 genera, respectively. Similarly, the greatest species diversity was found within the genera Potentilla (12 species) and Primula (6 species). Second order polynomial regression showed unimodal pattern of species richness along elevation gradient, showing greatest species richness between 3500m to 4000m altitude, whereas no any angiosperm species was encountered beyond 5100m. Key words: Species diversity; Grassland; Cultivated land; Manang. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3831 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.76-79

scholarly journals A New Relationship between Block Designs

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Alexander Shramchenko ◽  
Vasilisa Shramchenko
Keyword(s):  
Partial Order ◽  
Partial Ordering ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Partially Ordered ◽  
Power Set ◽  
Relationship Of

We propose a procedure of constructing new block designs starting from a given one by looking at the intersections of its blocks with various sets and grouping those sets according to the structure of the intersections. We introduce a symmetric relationship of friendship between block designs built on a set V and consider families of block designs where all designs are friends of each other, the so-called friendly families. We show that a friendly family admits a partial ordering. Furthermore, we exhibit a map from the power set of V, partially ordered by inclusion, to a friendly family of a particular type which preserves the partial order.

scholarly journals Tree Diversity in Urban Parks and Gardens of Ibadan City, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
O. S. Olokeogun ◽  
A. O. Oladoye ◽  
A. F. Aderounmu
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index

Aims: To assess the species diversity of trees in parks and gardens across the urban area of the city of Ibadan. Study Design: Total enumeration was conducted for data collection; All the trees in the urban parks and gardens were identified. The species similarity and diversity of trees were computed. Place and Duration of Study: Parks and gardens within the urban area of Ibadan city, Nigeria, Department of Forestry Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, between April, 2019 and March, 2020. Methodology: The parks and gardens were identified on google earth image. The species and family of all the trees within the parks and gardens were identified. The density, species richness, relative abundance, similarity, diversity and evenness were also estimated. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson’s diversity index, and Pielou’s species evenness index were used in estimating the species diversity. Results: The findings reveal a significant species composition of 82 species distributed across 34 families, with Senna sesame and Fabaceae being the most abundant species and family respectively. The trees with a population of 2,471 trees are largely dominated by exotic and evergreen species. The species richness, similarity, and diversity were relatively high. Conclusion: The study provides an opportunity to evaluate the contribution of urban parks and gardens to the ecological integrity and health of a city, thereby serving as essential information for preparing workable conservation strategies.

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