scholarly journals Do young tropical restoration plantations exhibit a phylogenetic pattern that suggests the influence of biotic processes affecting species composition?

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniella Schweizer ◽  
Gregory S Gilbert ◽  
Rafael Aizprua
Keyword(s):  
Community Assembly ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Phylogenetic Overdispersion ◽  
Overstory Tree

One approach in forest restoration is to plant trees that will establish an initial canopy to promote forest recovery through natural recruitment of other species. Here we evaluate the patterns of either phylogenetic overdispersion or phylogenetic clustering on community assembly beneath seven different single-species tree plantations. We expected the presence of negative biotic interactions between closely related overstory and recruiting tree species, as well as among related recruiting species, to lead to phylogenetic overdispersion. We found no evidence for inhibition of close relatives of the overstory tree species. However, we found more understory species than expected that were very distantly related to the overstory tree when the canopy was comprised of Fabaceae species, which lead to the presence of similar species in the understory of legume species. We found weak phylogenetic patterns among species in the understory community that suggest the presence of random processes of community assembly, maybe due to the young age of the understory communities studied.

scholarly journals Do young tropical restoration plantations exhibit a phylogenetic pattern that suggests the influence of biotic processes affecting species composition?

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniella Schweizer ◽  
Gregory S Gilbert ◽  
Rafael Aizprua
Keyword(s):  
Community Assembly ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Phylogenetic Overdispersion ◽  
Overstory Tree

One approach in forest restoration is to plant trees that will establish an initial canopy to promote forest recovery through natural recruitment of other species. Here we evaluate the patterns of either phylogenetic overdispersion or phylogenetic clustering on community assembly beneath seven different single-species tree plantations. We expected the presence of negative biotic interactions between closely related overstory and recruiting tree species, as well as among related recruiting species, to lead to phylogenetic overdispersion. We found no evidence for inhibition of close relatives of the overstory tree species. However, we found more understory species than expected that were very distantly related to the overstory tree when the canopy was comprised of Fabaceae species, which lead to the presence of similar species in the understory of legume species. We found weak phylogenetic patterns among species in the understory community that suggest the presence of random processes of community assembly, maybe due to the young age of the understory communities studied.

scholarly journals Stand Stability of Pure and Mixed-Eucalyptus Forests of Different Tree Species in a Typhoon-Prone Area

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 458
Author(s):  
Haiyan Deng ◽  
Linlin Shen ◽  
Jiaqi Yang ◽  
Xiaoyong Mo
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Mixed Plantation ◽  
Preservation Rate

Background and Objectives: The stable stand structure of mixed plantations is the basis of giving full play to forest ecological function and benefit. However, the monocultural Eucalyptus plantations with large-scale and successive planting that caused ecological problems such as reduced species diversity and loss of soil nutrients have presented to be unstable and vulnerable, especially in typhoon-prone areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nonspatial structure difference and the stand stability of pure and mixed-Eucalyptus forests, to find out the best mixed pattern of Eucalyptus forests with the most stability in typhoon-prone areas. Materials and Methods: In this study, we randomly investigated eight plots of 30 m × 30 m in pure and mixed-Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake × E. grandis W. Hill) plantations of different tree species (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser, Acacia mangium Willd., and Pinus elliottii var. Elliottii Engelm. × P. caribaea Morelet) on growth status, characterized and compared the distribution of nonspatial structure of the monoculture and mixtures, and evaluated the stand quality and stability from eight indexes of the nonspatial structure, including preservation rate, stand density, height, diameter, stem form, degree of stem inclination, tree-species composition, and age structure. Results: Eucalyptus surviving in the mixed plantation of Eucalyptus and A. mangium (EA) and in the mixed plantation of Eucalyptus and P. elliottii × P. caribaea (EP) were 5.0% and 7.6% greater than those in pure Eucalyptus plantation (EE), respectively, while only the stand preservation rate of EA was greater (+2.9%) than that of the pure Eucalyptus plantation. The proportions of all mixtures in the height class greater than 7 m were fewer than that of EE. The proportions of EA and mixed plantation of Eucalyptus and N. cadamba (EN) in the diameter class greater than 7 m were 10.6% and 7.8%, respectively, more than that of EE. EN had the highest ratio of branching visibly (41.0%), EA had the highest ratio of inclined stems (8.1%), and EP had the most straight and complete stem form (68.7%). The stand stability of the mixed plantation of Eucalyptus and A. mangium presented to be optimal, as its subordinate function value (0.76) and state value (ω = 0.61) of real stand were the largest. Conclusions: A. mangium is a superior tree species to mix with Eucalyptus for a more stable stand structure in the early growth stage to approach an evident and immense stability and resistance, which is of great significance for the forest restoration of Eucalyptus in response to extreme climate and forest management.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis and Related Physiological Parameters Differences Affected the Isoprene Emission Rate among 10 Typical Tree Species in Subtropical Metropolises

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 954
Author(s):  
Junyao Lyu ◽  
Feng Xiong ◽  
Ningxiao Sun ◽  
Yiheng Li ◽  
Chunjiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Intercellular Co2 Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Isoprene Emission

Volatile organic compound (VOCs) emission is an important cause of photochemical smog and particulate pollution in urban areas, and urban vegetation has been presented as an important source. Different tree species have different emission levels, so adjusting greening species collocation is an effective way to control biogenic VOC pollution. However, there is a lack of measurements of tree species emission in subtropical metropolises, and the factors influencing the species-specific differences need to be further clarified. This study applied an in situ method to investigate the isoprene emission rates of 10 typical tree species in subtropical metropolises. Photosynthesis and related parameters including photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate, which can influence the emission rate of a single species, were also measured. Results showed Salix babylonica always exhibited a high emission level, whereas Elaeocarpus decipiens and Ligustrum lucidum maintained a low level throughout the year. Differences in photosynthetic rate and stomatal CO2 conductance are the key parameters related to isoprene emission among different plants. Through the establishment of emission inventory and determination of key photosynthetic parameters, the results provide a reference for the selection of urban greening species, as well as seasonal pollution control, and help to alleviate VOC pollution caused by urban forests.

Atlantic Forest recovery after long-term eucalyptus plantations: The role of zoochoric and shade-tolerant tree species on carbon stock

2022 ◽  
Vol 503 ◽  
pp. 119789
Author(s):  
Alex Josélio Pires Coelho ◽  
Pedro Manuel Villa ◽  
Fabio Antônio Ribeiro Matos ◽  
Gustavo Heringer ◽  
Marcelo Leandro Bueno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantations

scholarly journals Natural Regeneration After Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon: Implications for Restoration of Tropical Forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Chambi-Legoas ◽  
Daigard Ricardo Ortega Rodriguez ◽  
Francisco de Marques de Figueiredo ◽  
Joel Peña Valdeiglesias ◽  
Percy Amílcar Zevallos Pollito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Regeneration Process ◽  
Peruvian Amazon ◽  
Secondary Species ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Madre De Dios

Context: Gold mining is the most destructive activity in the natural forests of the Madre de Dios region in the southeastern Peruvian Amazon. Understanding the natural regeneration process of these degraded areas is necessary to develop forest restoration projects in such conditions.Aims: We aimed to evaluate forest recovery and identify the successional and structure patterns of vegetation governing natural regeneration over time.Methods: Structure, composition, richness, diversity, and successional status were evaluated in abandoned artisanal gold mine areas in Madre de Dios, southeastern Peru. Vegetation data were recorded in 61 plots of 250 m2 established in five sites varying from 1 to 19 years of abandonment. Vegetation in abandoned areas was compared with six undisturbed forests evaluated in previous inventories.Results: In the mining lands, tree density and basal area recovered quickly, while species richness and composition were slow. Forest recovery is an initial stage of transition from pioneer to early secondary species until at least 19 years after abandonment. The most abundant and frequent species were the fast-growing species Ochroma pyramidale and Cecropia engleriana. These species could be considered potential candidates to promote restoration plans. Pioneer species represented 63% of the number of species in plots of 1–4 years, 57% in plots of 5–7 years, and 50% in plots of 8–19 years. Early and late secondary species represented 34 and 16%, respectively, of the number of species in plots of 8–19 years. Abandoned mining and reference plots present less than 5% of species in common.Conclusion: Our results highlight a slow natural regeneration process in areas for up to 19 years after gold mining. Species from different successional statuses were identified as potential candidates for recovering vegetation in such areas. Our findings may have important implications for further research focusing on the ecological restoration in tropical forests severely degraded by gold mining.

scholarly journals Introduction of native tree species into degraded Cerrado vegetation

Interação ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-84
Author(s):  
Gildomar Alves dos Santos ◽  
David Francis Robert Philip Burslem ◽  
Milton Serpa de Meira Jr ◽  
Stanislau Parreira Cardozo
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Cerrado Vegetation ◽  
Native Tree ◽  
Native Tree Species

Experimental restoration using tree seedlings is a common strategy for accelerating succession on degraded post-agricultural land formerly occupied by Cerrado vegetation. Seedling growth in degraded tropical lands is constrained by various factors. The goal of this study was to evaluate the seedling growth and survival of seven native tree species used to accelerate forest recovery in a gully area with stressful environmental conditions. The experimental design involved fenced and unfenced blocks, presence and absence of fertilization and use of an adhesive to prevent ant herbivory (four treatments with four replicates). Seedlings were planted in December 2006 and collection of data on seedling basal diameter, height, mortality and herbivory started on January 24th 2007 and continued every three months, until final data collection on January 31st 2009 (9 measurement dates). Overall seedling survival was 38 % and protecting seedlings did not influence growth, but seedlings grew faster in response to the addition of fertilizer containing N, P and K. The use of the adhesive Tanglefoot to exclude leaf cutter ants had no influence on growth. Fencing reduced seedling mortality, but combining fencing with Tanglefoot did not. Nutrient availability limits seedling growth and survival in the gully. Direct planting of seedlings of native trees may accelerate succession in degraded Cerrado lands subject to interventions that overcome constraints on seedling growth and survival.

Revision of New World Spalangiinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2259 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
GARY A. P. GIBSON
Keyword(s):  
Species Distribution ◽  
New World ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
World Species ◽  
European Species ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Nomen Dubium ◽  
Species Groups

Spalangia Latreille and Playaspalangia Yoshimoto, the only two genera classified in Spalangiinae (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) are revised for the New World. Thirty-one species of Spalangia and a single species of Playaspalangia, P. rothi Yoshimoto, are recognized from the New World. One further name, Spalangia tarsalis Brèthes, is treated as a nomen dubium. European species of Spalangia not yet known from the New World are also discussed and illustrated relative to regional species, but are not treated formally. The following new synonymies are proposed: Spalangia erythromera brachyceps Bouček under Spalangia erythromera Förster n. syn., Spalangia bakeri Kieffer under Spalangia chontalensis Cameron n. syn., and Spalangia lanaiensis Ashmead under Spalangia impunctata Howard n. syn. Spalangia simplex Perkins is newly recorded from the New World and the following 13 species are described as new: Spalangia alyxia n. sp., Spalangia flavicrus n. sp., Spalangia imitator n. sp., Spalangia innuba n. sp., Spalangia leiopleura n. sp., Spalangia masneri n. sp., Spalangia nigroides n. sp., Spalangia noyesi n. sp., Spalangia plaumanni n. sp., Spalangia rugosifrons n. sp., Spalangia stictocephala n. sp., Spalangia stictocyla n. sp., and Spalangia xanthoscapa n. sp. The 2 genera and the 32 regional species of Spalangiinae are keyed, described and illustrated, and regional hosts and distributions are summarized for each species. Distribution maps document the known range of each of the species in the New World. For purposes of comparison of morphologically similar species, 7 informal species groups are recognized in Spalangia to include 29 of the 31 New World species: the attae-group (S. attae Burks, S. rugosifrons, S. stictocyla and S. stictocephala), the cameroni-group (S. cameroni Perkins, S. longepetiolata Bouček and S. gemina Bouček), the drosophilae- group (S. bethyloides Bouček, S. drosophilae Ashmead, S. flavicrus, S. impunctata, S. innuba, S. leiopleura and S. plaumanni), the endius group (S. endius Walker and S. nigripes), the nigra-group (S. alyxia, S. chontalensis, S. masneri, S. nigra Latreille, S. nigroides and S. nigroaenea Curtis), the noyesi-group (S. noyesi and S. xanthoscapa), and the subpunctata-group (S. erythromera, S. fuscipes, S. haematobiae Ashmead, S. imitator and S. subpunctata Förster).

Habitat use, interspecific competition and phylogenetic history shape the evolution of claw and toepad morphology in Lesser Antillean anoles

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L Yuan ◽  
Catherine Jung ◽  
Marvalee H Wake ◽  
Ian J Wang
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Morphometric Data ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Vegetation Use ◽  
Selective Forces

Abstract Ecologically functional traits are the product of several, at times opposing, selective forces. Thus, ecomorphological patterns can be disrupted locally by biotic interactions, such as competition, and may not be consistent across lineages. Here, we studied the evolution of claws and toepads in relationship to macrohabitat (vegetation), use of structural microhabitat (perch height) and congeneric competition for two distantly related Lesser Antillean anole clades: the Anolis bimaculatus and Anolis roquet series. We collected univariate and geometric morphometric data from 254 individuals across 22 species to test the hypotheses that functional morphology should covary with both vegetation and perch height and that the presence of a competitor may disrupt such covariation. Our data showed predictable associations between morphology and macrohabitat on single-species islands but not when a congeneric competitor was present. The outcomes of competition differed between series, however. In the A. bimaculatus series, species with a sympatric congener diverged in claw and toepad traits consistent with functional predictions, whereas A. roquet series anoles showed either no association between habitat and morphology or the opposite pattern. Our results demonstrated that ecomorphological patterns across macrohabitats can be disrupted by competition-driven microhabitat partitioning and that specific morphological responses to similar ecological pressures can vary between lineages.

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