Stand Stability of Pure and Mixed-Eucalyptus Forests of Different Tree Species in a Typhoon-Prone Area

Background and Objectives: The stable stand structure of mixed plantations is the basis of giving full play to forest ecological function and benefit. However, the monocultural Eucalyptus plantations with large-scale and successive planting that caused ecological problems such as reduced species diversity and loss of soil nutrients have presented to be unstable and vulnerable, especially in typhoon-prone areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nonspatial structure difference and the stand stability of pure and mixed-Eucalyptus forests, to find out the best mixed pattern of Eucalyptus forests with the most stability in typhoon-prone areas. Materials and Methods: In this study, we randomly investigated eight plots of 30 m × 30 m in pure and mixed-Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake × E. grandis W. Hill) plantations of different tree species (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser, Acacia mangium Willd., and Pinus elliottii var. Elliottii Engelm. × P. caribaea Morelet) on growth status, characterized and compared the distribution of nonspatial structure of the monoculture and mixtures, and evaluated the stand quality and stability from eight indexes of the nonspatial structure, including preservation rate, stand density, height, diameter, stem form, degree of stem inclination, tree-species composition, and age structure. Results: Eucalyptus surviving in the mixed plantation of Eucalyptus and A. mangium (EA) and in the mixed plantation of Eucalyptus and P. elliottii × P. caribaea (EP) were 5.0% and 7.6% greater than those in pure Eucalyptus plantation (EE), respectively, while only the stand preservation rate of EA was greater (+2.9%) than that of the pure Eucalyptus plantation. The proportions of all mixtures in the height class greater than 7 m were fewer than that of EE. The proportions of EA and mixed plantation of Eucalyptus and N. cadamba (EN) in the diameter class greater than 7 m were 10.6% and 7.8%, respectively, more than that of EE. EN had the highest ratio of branching visibly (41.0%), EA had the highest ratio of inclined stems (8.1%), and EP had the most straight and complete stem form (68.7%). The stand stability of the mixed plantation of Eucalyptus and A. mangium presented to be optimal, as its subordinate function value (0.76) and state value (ω = 0.61) of real stand were the largest. Conclusions: A. mangium is a superior tree species to mix with Eucalyptus for a more stable stand structure in the early growth stage to approach an evident and immense stability and resistance, which is of great significance for the forest restoration of Eucalyptus in response to extreme climate and forest management.

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Stand Stability of Pure and Mixed Eucalyptus Forests of Different tree Species in a Typhoon-prone Area

10.21203/rs.3.rs-160935/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Haiyan Deng ◽

Linlin Shen ◽

Jiaqi Yang ◽

Xiaoyong Mo

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Forest Restoration ◽

Stand Structure ◽

Mixed Forest ◽

Large Area ◽

Mixed Composition ◽

Stem Form ◽

Eucalyptus Forest ◽

Prone Area ◽

Preservation Rate

Abstract Background: Stable stand structure of mixed plantations is the basis of giving full play to forest ecological function and benefit, and the pure Eucalyptus plantations with large-area and successive planting have presented to be unstable and vulnerable in typhoon-prone area. In this study, we investigated eight 30 m × 30 m plots randomly in pure and mixed eucalyptus forests on growth status, characterized and compared the distribution of non-spatial structure of mixtures with that of mono-species plantation, and evaluated the stand quality and stability from eight indexes including preservation rate, stand density, height, diameter, stem form, degree of slant, tree species composition and age structure, so as to find out the best mixed composition and pattern of eucalyptus and other tree species in typhoon-prone area. Results: Eucalyptus surviving in the mixed forest of Eucalyptus and A. mangium (EA) and the mixed forest of Eucalyptus and P. elliottii × P. caribaea (EP) were 5.0% and 7.6% greater than those in pure Eucalyptus forest (E) respectively, while only the stand preservation rate of EA was greater (+2.9%) than that of pure Eucalyptus forest. The proportions of all mixtures on the height class that greater than 7 m were fewer than that of monoculture. The proportion of EA and EN (mixed forest of Eucalyptus and N.cadamba) on the diameter class that greater than 7 m were 10.6% and 7.8% respectively more than that of monoculture. EN got a highest ratio of branching visibly (41%), EA got a highest ratio of slant stems (8.1%) and EP got a most straight and complete stem form (68.7%). The stand stability of the mixed forest of Eucalyptus and A. mangium presents to be optimal for its subordinate function value (0.76) and status value (ω = 0.607) of real stand were the largest. Conclusion: A. mangium is a most superior tree specie to mix with Eucalyptus for a more stable stand structure in the early growth stage to approach an evident and immense stability and resistance, which is of great significance for the forest restoration of Eucalyptus in response to extreme climate and on the forest management.

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Large-scale dynamics of a heterogeneous forest resource are driven jointly by geographically varying growth conditions, tree species composition and stand structure

Annals of Forest Science ◽

10.1007/s13595-012-0196-1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 69 (7) ◽

pp. 829-844 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Holger Wernsdörfer ◽

Antoine Colin ◽

Jean-Daniel Bontemps ◽

Hélène Chevalier ◽

Gérôme Pignard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Tree Species ◽

Large Scale ◽

Stand Structure ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Forest Resource ◽

Tree Species Composition

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Langfristige Entwicklung von zwei Waldgesellschaften im Białowieża-Urwald

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen ◽

10.3188/szf.2008.0080 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 159 (4) ◽

pp. 80-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bogdan Brzeziecki ◽

Feliks Eugeniusz Bernadzki

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Tree Species ◽

Stand Structure ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Forest Communities ◽

Natural Forests ◽

Tree Species Composition ◽

Strong Trend ◽

Long Term Study

The results of a long-term study on the natural forest dynamics of two forest communities on one sample plot within the Białowieża National Park in Poland are presented. The two investigated forest communities consist of the Pino-Quercetum and the Tilio-Carpinetum type with the major tree species Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula sp., Quercus robur, Tilia cordata and Carpinus betulus. The results reveal strong temporal dynamics of both forest communities since 1936 in terms of tree species composition and of general stand structure. The four major tree species Scots pine, birch, English oak and Norway spruce, which were dominant until 1936, have gradually been replaced by lime and hornbeam. At the same time, the analysis of structural parameters indicates a strong trend towards a homogenization of the vertical stand structure. Possible causes for these dynamics may be changes in sylviculture, climate change and atmospheric deposition. Based on the altered tree species composition it can be concluded that a simple ≪copying≫ (mimicking) of the processes taking place in natural forests may not guarantee the conservation of the multifunctional character of the respective forests.

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Development of forest soils in the Krkonoše Mts. in the period 1980–2009

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/79/2010-jfs ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 11) ◽

pp. 485-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

K. Matějka ◽

S. Vacek ◽

V. Podrázský

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Tree Species ◽

Large Scale ◽

Vegetation Change ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Mountain Range ◽

Site Conditions ◽

Tree Species Composition ◽

Spruce Stands

This paper documents the development of soil conditions in the set of 32 permanent research plots in the Krkono&scaron;e (Giant) Mts. These plots represent an altitudinal gradient covering the ecosystems of beech, mixed beech-spruce and spruce stands. In all plots, representing the site conditions of the highest areas of the mountain range, standard soil pits were prepared and the soil sampling was performed in autumn of years 1980, 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2009. The results reflect extreme site conditions, soil acidification, large scale surface liming and in minor extent also different tree species composition of the stands. The general type of the soil-genesis is represented by the podzolisation, overlapping the other soil-genetic factors, including the tree species composition. Nevertheless, this development is mostly expressed in the spruce stands. The beech dominance and/or co-dominance are reflected especially by more efficient N-cycling, higher pH, S and V values and fluctuation and lower extractable Al3+ content. More efficient cycling in beech ecosystems is insignificantly documented for plant available phosphorus, calcium and magnesium contents; on the contrary higher dynamics for iron ions was registered in the spruce stands. The long-term soil dynamics with a hysteresis (evident on the base of ordination analysis) can be divided into some periods – processes of acidification (typical in the 1980's samples), liming (main effect in 1993 and 1998) and regeneration (2003, 2009). Other features, important for the soil development, are probably related to the vegetation change, but this relation is not statistically significant.

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Stand structure indices as tools to support forest management: an application in Trentino forests (Italy)

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/75/2012-jfs ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 59 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 159-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

F. Pastorella ◽

A. Paletto

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Forest Management ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Species Composition ◽

Tree Species ◽

Stand Structure ◽

Composite Index ◽

Mutual Position ◽

Tree Species Composition ◽

North East

Stand structure and species diversity are two useful parameters to provide a synthetic measure of forest biodiversity. The stand structure is spatial distribution, mutual position, diameter and height differentiation of trees in a forest ecosystem and it highly influences habitat and species diversity. The forest stand and species diversity can be measured through indices that provide important information to better address silvicultural practices and forest management strategies in the short and long-term period. These indices can be combined in a composite index in order to evaluate the complex diversity at the stand level. The aim of the paper is to identify and to test a complex index (S-index) allowing to take into account both the tree species composition and the stand structure. S-index was applied in a case study in the north-east of Italy (Trentino province). The results show that the Norway spruce forests in Trentino province are characterized by a medium-low level of complexity (S-index is in a range between 0.14 and 0.46) due to a low tree species composition rather than to the stand structure (diametric differentiation and spatial distribution of trees).  

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Forest regeneration in northeastern Poland following a catastrophic blowdown

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2014-0507 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (9) ◽

pp. 1172-1182 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Dorota Dobrowolska

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Natural Regeneration ◽

Large Scale ◽

Stand Structure ◽

Basal Area ◽

Tree Height ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Species Structure ◽

Tree Vitality

The aims of the investigation were to (i) quantify the changes in natural regeneration and stand structure, (ii) determine the role of deadwood in the process of regeneration following the disturbance, and (iii) determine the effect of disturbance severity on tree recruitment. The study was conducted in the Szast Protected Forest, which was established after a blowdown in 2002. The results showed that the trees were mainly wind-snapped. The basal area of the slightly disturbed stands increased over time. Herb cover increased, whereas moss cover decreased in 2011. The disturbance severity influenced the density of tree species regeneration, moss and herb ground cover, species diversity, average tree height, tree vitality, and damage caused by herbivores. The density of natural regeneration increased and new species became established after the disturbance. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was the dominant tree species during the regeneration process except in the severely disturbed stand from which wood had been removed; in this case, birch was the dominant species. Wind disturbance increased species diversity and created a new forest with a particular species structure and trees that varied in age and height. The results of this study will be useful for foresters and policymakers to change the existing approaches to large-scale disturbances in the Polish forests.

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Investigations of mature Scots pine stands in wind-throw areas in Norway spruce forests in Western Rhodopes

Folia Oecologica ◽

10.2478/foecol-2020-0001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Milan Barna ◽

Angel Ferezliev ◽

Hristo Tsakov ◽

Ivan Mihál

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Tree Species ◽

Natural Regeneration ◽

Stand Structure ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Pine Forests ◽

Lignicolous Fungi ◽

Tree Species Composition ◽

Forest Stand Structure

AbstractWe investigated the current health condition (defoliation), state of natural regeneration, and mycoflora and phytopathogen-caused attacks in Scots pine forests (Pinus sylvestris L.) planted in the 1960s in areas affected by wind disturbances in the West Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria. Some damage types (resin outflow and anthropogenic damage) were present to a low extent in the research plots (S – Selishte and PK – Pobit Kamak). Some were missing completely (damage by deer and other animals, the presence of lignicolous fungi and abiotic damage). The most important results of this study were the following: i) the occurrence of the bark beetle pest Tomicus minor Hartig (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) was recorded on average in 4.6 (S) and 2.3 (PK) of fallen shoots under the tree crown within 1 m diameter around the stem; ii) significant damage to tree crowns due to the loss of assimilation organs in Scots pine trees (28% – S and 39% – PK, respectively) was several times higher than that recorded in Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) (10%); iii) tree species composition resulting from natural regeneration showed 95–100% proportion of Norway spruce despite the predominance of Scots pine in the maternal stand. These observations might provide evidence of unsuitable environmental conditions in the studied localities for pine forests on the southern range of the natural P. sylvestris occurrence. Forest management in similar ecological and climatic conditions should aim at significant diversification of the forest stand structure by utilizing tree species suitable for the given ecosystems.

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