scholarly journals An integrated model of brain structure and function

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick J Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The fluid in the extracellular space around the neurons and glial cells is enclosed within the brain, kept separate from the circulation and the rest of the body-fluid. This brain interstitial fluid forms a distinct compartment; a sponge-like “inverse cell” that surrounds all the cells. During neuronal resting and action potentials, sodium and potassium ions shuttle into, and out of, this “Reciprocal Domain” within the brain. This localised flux of ions is the counterpart to all the neuronal electrochemical activity (having the same intensity and duration, at the same sites in the brain), so a complementary version of all that potential information is integrated into this space within the brain. This flux of cations in the Reciprocal Domain may indirectly influence neuronal activity in the brain, creating immensely complex feedback. This Reciprocal Domain is unified throughout the brain, and exists continuously throughout life. This model identifies which species have such Reciprocal Domains, and how many times similar systems evolved. This account of the Reciprocal Domain of the brain may have clinical implications; it could be vulnerable to disruption by chemical insult, traumatic injury or pathology. These are key characteristics of our core selves; this encourages the idea that this Reciprocal Domain makes a crucial contribution to the brain. This hypothesis is explored and developed here.

scholarly journals An integrated model of brain structure and function

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick J Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The fluid in the extracellular space around the neurons and glial cells is enclosed within the brain, kept separate from the circulation and the rest of the body-fluid. This brain interstitial fluid forms a distinct compartment; a sponge-like “inverse cell” that surrounds all the cells. During neuronal resting and action potentials, sodium and potassium ions shuttle into, and out of, this “Reciprocal Domain” within the brain. This localised flux of ions is the counterpart to all the neuronal electrochemical activity (having the same intensity and duration, at the same sites in the brain), so a complementary version of all that potential information is integrated into this space within the brain. This flux of cations in the Reciprocal Domain may indirectly influence neuronal activity in the brain, creating immensely complex feedback. This Reciprocal Domain is unified throughout the brain, and exists continuously throughout life. This model identifies which species have such Reciprocal Domains, and how many times similar systems evolved. This account of the Reciprocal Domain of the brain may have clinical implications; it could be vulnerable to disruption by chemical insult, traumatic injury or pathology. These are key characteristics of our core selves; this encourages the idea that this Reciprocal Domain makes a crucial contribution to the brain. This hypothesis is explored and developed here.

scholarly journals Neuronal activity causes a reciprocal cationic flux in the extracellular space in the brain: a hypothesis

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick J Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Cationic Flux

The fluid in the extracellular space around the neurons and glial cells is enclosed within the brain, kept separate from the circulation and the rest of the body-fluid. This brain interstitial fluid forms a distinct compartment; a sponge-like “inverse cell” that surrounds all the cells. During neuronal resting and action potentials, sodium and potassium ions shuttle into, and out of, this “Reciprocal Domain” within the brain. This localised flux of ions is the counterpart to all the neuronal electrochemical activity (having the same intensity and duration, at the same sites in the brain), so a complementary version of all that potential information is integrated into this space within the brain. This flux of cations in the Reciprocal Domain may indirectly influence neuronal activity in the brain, creating immensely complex feedback. This Reciprocal Domain is unified throughout the brain, and exists continuously throughout life. This model identifies which species have such Reciprocal Domains, and how many times similar systems evolved. This account of the Reciprocal Domain of the brain may have clinical implications; it could be vulnerable to disruption by chemical insult, traumatic injury or pathology. These are key characteristics of our core selves; this encourages the idea that this Reciprocal Domain makes a crucial contribution to the brain. This hypothesis is explored and developed here.

scholarly journals Neuronal activity causes a reciprocal cationic flux in the extracellular space in the brain: a hypothesis

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick J Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Cationic Flux

The fluid in the extracellular space around the neurons and glial cells is enclosed within the brain, kept separate from the circulation and the rest of the body-fluid. This brain interstitial fluid forms a distinct compartment; a sponge-like “inverse cell” that surrounds all the cells. During neuronal resting and action potentials, sodium and potassium ions shuttle into, and out of, this “Reciprocal Domain” within the brain. This localised flux of ions is the counterpart to all the neuronal electrochemical activity (having the same intensity and duration, at the same sites in the brain), so a complementary version of all that potential information is integrated into this space within the brain. This flux of cations in the Reciprocal Domain may indirectly influence neuronal activity in the brain, creating immensely complex feedback. This Reciprocal Domain is unified throughout the brain, and exists continuously throughout life. This model identifies which species have such Reciprocal Domains, and how many times similar systems evolved. This account of the Reciprocal Domain of the brain may have clinical implications; it could be vulnerable to disruption by chemical insult, traumatic injury or pathology. These are key characteristics of our core selves; this encourages the idea that this Reciprocal Domain makes a crucial contribution to the brain. This hypothesis is explored and developed here.

Genealogy of the Cerebral Subject

Being Brains ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Vidal ◽  
Francisco Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Cerebral Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cerebral Self ◽  
The Brain

The first chapter proposes to trace the distant roots of the cerebral subject to the late seventeenth century, and particularly to debates about the seat of the soul, the corpuscularian theory of matter, and John Locke’s philosophy of personal identity. In the wake of Locke, eighteenth century authors began to assert that the brain is the only part of the body we need to be ourselves. In the nineteenth century, this form of deterministic essentialism contributed to motivate research into brain structure and function, and in turn confirmed the brain-personhood nexus. Since then, from phrenology to functional neuroimaging, neuroscientific knowledge and representations have constituted a powerful support for prescriptive outlooks on the individual and society. “Neuroascesis,” as we call the business that sells programs of cerebral self-discipline, is a case in point, which this chapter also examines. It appeals to the brain and neuroscience as bases for its self-help recipes to enhance memory and reasoning, fight depression, anxiety and compulsions, improve sexual performance, achieve happiness, and even establish a direct contact with God. Yet underneath the neuro surface lie beliefs and even concrete instructions that can be traced to nineteenth-century hygiene manuals.

Membrane Bioelectric Properties: a Biophysical approaches to cell physiology- A study revision

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Sebastião David Santos-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Field Equation ◽  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Nernst Equation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The contributions of Biophysics scientists measuring aspects of the membrane electricity have been so well thought of that multiple prizes have been given out in this field. The field has generated quantitative findings based on the Goldman field equation and the Nernst equation that provide understanding into the importance of sodium and potassium in cell signaling. The graded and action potentials that bring information in the interior the cell and all over the body are central in the considerations of the brain and the activities of muscle. This work covers the biophysics essential of these process.

scholarly journals Culture Wires the Brain

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise C. Park ◽  
Chih-Mao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Neural Structure ◽  
Cultural Experiences ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

There is clear evidence that sustained experiences may affect both brain structure and function. Thus, it is quite reasonable to posit that sustained exposure to a set of cultural experiences and behavioral practices will affect neural structure and function. The burgeoning field of cultural psychology has often demonstrated the subtle differences in the way individuals process information—differences that appear to be a product of cultural experiences. We review evidence that the collectivistic and individualistic biases of East Asian and Western cultures, respectively, affect neural structure and function. We conclude that there is limited evidence that cultural experiences affect brain structure and considerably more evidence that neural function is affected by culture, particularly activations in ventral visual cortex—areas associated with perceptual processing.

Morphometry in schizophrenia revisited: height and its relationship to pre-morbid function

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. NOPOULOS ◽  
M. FLAUM ◽  
S. ARNDT ◽  
N. ANDREASEN
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Lower Quartile ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Background. Morphometry, the measurement of forms, is an ancient practice. In particular, schizophrenic somatology was popular early in this century, but has been essentially absent from the literature for over 30 years. More recently, evidence has grown to support the notion that aberrant neurodevelopment may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Is the body, like the brain, affected by abnormal development in these patients?Methods. To evaluate global deficit in development and its relationship to pre-morbid function, height was compared in a large group (N=226) of male schizophrenics and a group of healthy male controls (N=142) equivalent in parental socio-economic status. Patients in the lower quartile of height were compared to those in the upper quartile of height.Results. The patient group had a mean height of 177·1 cm, which was significantly shorter than the mean height of the control group of 179·4 (P<0·003). Those in the lower quartile had significantly poorer pre-morbid function as measured by: (1) psychosocial adjustment using the pre-morbid adjustment scales for childhood and adolescence/young adulthood, and (2) cognitive function using measures of school performance such as grades and need for special education. In addition, these measures of pre-morbid function correlated significantly with height when analysed using the entire sample.Conclusions. These findings provide further support to the idea that abnormal development may play a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, this is manifested as a global deficit in growth and function resulting in smaller stature, poorer social skills, and deficits in cognitive abilities.

scholarly journals Effect of Handling on ATP Utilization of Cerebral Na,K-ATPase in rats with Trimethyltin-Induced Neurodegeneration.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Kalocayova ◽  
Denisa Snurikova ◽  
Jana Vlkovicova ◽  
Veronika Navarova Stara ◽  
Dominika Michalikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Catalytic Subunits ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Frontal Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Α3 Subunit ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Abstract Previously it was shown that for reduction of anxiety and stress of experimental animals, preventive handling seems to be one of the most effective methods. The present study was oriented on Na,K-ATPase, a key enzyme for maintaining proper concentrations of intracellular sodium and potassium ions. Malfunction of this enzyme has an essential role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. It is known that this enzyme requires approximately 50% of the energy available to the brain. Therefore in the present study utilization of the energy source ATP by Na,K-ATPase in the frontal cerebral cortex, using the method of enzyme kinetics was investigated. As a model of neurodegeneration treatment with Trimethyltin (TMT) was applied. Daily handling (10 min/day) of healthy rats and rats suffering neurodegeneration induced by administration of TMT in a dose of (7.5 mg/kg), at postnatal days 60-102 altered the expression of catalytic subunits of Na,K-ATPase as well as kinetic properties of this enzyme in frontal cerebral cortex of adult male Wistar rats. Everyday handling of rats, beside the previously published beneficial effect on spatial memory was accompanied by improwed maintenance of sodium homeeostasis in frontal cortex of brains. The key system responsible for this proces, the Na,K-ATPase was able to utilize better the energy substrate ATP. In rats with TMT-induced neurodegeneration handling promoted the expresion of α2 isoform of the enzyme which is typical for glial cells. In healthy rats the handling was followed by increased expression α3 subunit which is typical for neurons.

Hodgkin–Huxley neurons with defective and blocked ion channels

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1550112 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Christopher S. Pang ◽  
Johnrob Y. Bantang
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Reversal Potential ◽  
Membrane Conductance ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Temporal Response ◽  
Constant Input ◽  
Control Drug ◽  
Channel Control ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

We utilize the original Hodgkin–Huxley (HH) model to consider the effects of defective ion channels to the temporal response of neurons. Statistics of firing rate and inter-spike interval (ISI) reveal that production of action potentials (APs) in neurons is not sensitive to changes in membrane conductance for sodium and potassium ions, as well as to the reversal potential for sodium ions, as long as the relevant parameters do not exceed 13% from their normal levels. We also found that blockage of a critical fraction of either sodium or potassium channels (dependent on constant input current) respectively limits the firing activity or increases spontaneous spiking activity of neurons. Our model may be used to guide experiment designs related to ion channel control drug development.

Amyloidosis

2013 ◽  
pp. 1397-1409
Author(s):  
Philip N. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Protein Misfolding ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Amyloid Deposits ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
And Function ◽  
Protein Misfolding And Aggregation ◽  
The Brain

Amyloidosis is a disorder of protein folding in which normally soluble proteins are deposited in the interstitial space as insoluble and remarkably stable fibrils that progressively disrupt tissue structure and function of organs throughout the body. Protein misfolding and aggregation have increasingly been recognized in the pathogenesis of various other diseases, but amyloidosis—the disease directly caused by extracellular amyloid deposition—is a precise term with critical implications for patients with a specific group of life-threatening disorders. Amyloidosis may be acquired or hereditary and the pattern of organ involvement varies within and between types, though clinical phenotypes overlap greatly. Virtually any tissue other than the brain may be directly involved. Although histology remains the diagnostic gold standard, developments in scintigraphy and MRI technology often produce pathognomonic findings. Systemic amyloidosis is usually fatal, but the prognosis has improved as the result of increasingly effective treatments for many of the conditions that underlie it, notably the use of biologic anti-inflammatory agents in patients with AA amyloidosis and new immunomodulatory agents in patients with AL type. Better supportive care, including dialysis and solid organ transplantation, have also influenced the prognosis favourably. A range of specific novel therapies are currently in clinical development, including RNA inhibitors that suppress production of amyloid precursor proteins, drugs that promote their normal soluble conformation in the plasma, and immunotherapy approaches that directly target the amyloid deposits.

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