Membrane Bioelectric Properties: a Biophysical approaches to cell physiology- A study revision

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Sebastião David Santos-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Field Equation ◽  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Nernst Equation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The contributions of Biophysics scientists measuring aspects of the membrane electricity have been so well thought of that multiple prizes have been given out in this field. The field has generated quantitative findings based on the Goldman field equation and the Nernst equation that provide understanding into the importance of sodium and potassium in cell signaling. The graded and action potentials that bring information in the interior the cell and all over the body are central in the considerations of the brain and the activities of muscle. This work covers the biophysics essential of these process.

scholarly journals An integrated model of brain structure and function

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick J Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The fluid in the extracellular space around the neurons and glial cells is enclosed within the brain, kept separate from the circulation and the rest of the body-fluid. This brain interstitial fluid forms a distinct compartment; a sponge-like “inverse cell” that surrounds all the cells. During neuronal resting and action potentials, sodium and potassium ions shuttle into, and out of, this “Reciprocal Domain” within the brain. This localised flux of ions is the counterpart to all the neuronal electrochemical activity (having the same intensity and duration, at the same sites in the brain), so a complementary version of all that potential information is integrated into this space within the brain. This flux of cations in the Reciprocal Domain may indirectly influence neuronal activity in the brain, creating immensely complex feedback. This Reciprocal Domain is unified throughout the brain, and exists continuously throughout life. This model identifies which species have such Reciprocal Domains, and how many times similar systems evolved. This account of the Reciprocal Domain of the brain may have clinical implications; it could be vulnerable to disruption by chemical insult, traumatic injury or pathology. These are key characteristics of our core selves; this encourages the idea that this Reciprocal Domain makes a crucial contribution to the brain. This hypothesis is explored and developed here.

scholarly journals Neuronal activity causes a reciprocal cationic flux in the extracellular space in the brain: a hypothesis

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick J Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Cationic Flux

The fluid in the extracellular space around the neurons and glial cells is enclosed within the brain, kept separate from the circulation and the rest of the body-fluid. This brain interstitial fluid forms a distinct compartment; a sponge-like “inverse cell” that surrounds all the cells. During neuronal resting and action potentials, sodium and potassium ions shuttle into, and out of, this “Reciprocal Domain” within the brain. This localised flux of ions is the counterpart to all the neuronal electrochemical activity (having the same intensity and duration, at the same sites in the brain), so a complementary version of all that potential information is integrated into this space within the brain. This flux of cations in the Reciprocal Domain may indirectly influence neuronal activity in the brain, creating immensely complex feedback. This Reciprocal Domain is unified throughout the brain, and exists continuously throughout life. This model identifies which species have such Reciprocal Domains, and how many times similar systems evolved. This account of the Reciprocal Domain of the brain may have clinical implications; it could be vulnerable to disruption by chemical insult, traumatic injury or pathology. These are key characteristics of our core selves; this encourages the idea that this Reciprocal Domain makes a crucial contribution to the brain. This hypothesis is explored and developed here.

scholarly journals An integrated model of brain structure and function

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick J Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The fluid in the extracellular space around the neurons and glial cells is enclosed within the brain, kept separate from the circulation and the rest of the body-fluid. This brain interstitial fluid forms a distinct compartment; a sponge-like “inverse cell” that surrounds all the cells. During neuronal resting and action potentials, sodium and potassium ions shuttle into, and out of, this “Reciprocal Domain” within the brain. This localised flux of ions is the counterpart to all the neuronal electrochemical activity (having the same intensity and duration, at the same sites in the brain), so a complementary version of all that potential information is integrated into this space within the brain. This flux of cations in the Reciprocal Domain may indirectly influence neuronal activity in the brain, creating immensely complex feedback. This Reciprocal Domain is unified throughout the brain, and exists continuously throughout life. This model identifies which species have such Reciprocal Domains, and how many times similar systems evolved. This account of the Reciprocal Domain of the brain may have clinical implications; it could be vulnerable to disruption by chemical insult, traumatic injury or pathology. These are key characteristics of our core selves; this encourages the idea that this Reciprocal Domain makes a crucial contribution to the brain. This hypothesis is explored and developed here.

scholarly journals Neuronal activity causes a reciprocal cationic flux in the extracellular space in the brain: a hypothesis

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick J Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Cationic Flux

The fluid in the extracellular space around the neurons and glial cells is enclosed within the brain, kept separate from the circulation and the rest of the body-fluid. This brain interstitial fluid forms a distinct compartment; a sponge-like “inverse cell” that surrounds all the cells. During neuronal resting and action potentials, sodium and potassium ions shuttle into, and out of, this “Reciprocal Domain” within the brain. This localised flux of ions is the counterpart to all the neuronal electrochemical activity (having the same intensity and duration, at the same sites in the brain), so a complementary version of all that potential information is integrated into this space within the brain. This flux of cations in the Reciprocal Domain may indirectly influence neuronal activity in the brain, creating immensely complex feedback. This Reciprocal Domain is unified throughout the brain, and exists continuously throughout life. This model identifies which species have such Reciprocal Domains, and how many times similar systems evolved. This account of the Reciprocal Domain of the brain may have clinical implications; it could be vulnerable to disruption by chemical insult, traumatic injury or pathology. These are key characteristics of our core selves; this encourages the idea that this Reciprocal Domain makes a crucial contribution to the brain. This hypothesis is explored and developed here.

Potassium and Water Distribution in Depression

1966 ◽  
Vol 112 (484) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Murray Shaw ◽  
Alec Coppen
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
The Body ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Excitable Cells ◽  
Cell Excitability ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The ionic theory of cell excitability shows how impulses are generated, conducted and propagated by movements of ions between the cells and the extracellular fluid. It is known that changes in the concentration of sodium and potassium in either the extracellular water (E.C.W.) or the intracellular water (I.C.W.) may have a marked effect on the resting and action potentials of excitable cells. If affective disorders are manifestations of complex but reversible changes in brain excitability, hen these in turn might be caused by alterations in the concentration of electrolytes within the cells of the central nervous system (C.N.S.). Although it is not possible to measure the distribution of electrolytes specifically in the C.N.S. in man, it is possible to measure their distribution in the body as a whole. In previous papers we have shown that residual sodium (intracellular plus a small quantity of bone sodium) is increased by 50 per cent. in depression (Coppen and Shaw, 1963) and by nearly 200 per cent. in mania (Coppen, Shaw, Malleson and Costain, 1965). The present paper shows that there are also abnormalities in the distribution of potassium, the other main cation determining cell excitability, in patients suffering from severe depression.

scholarly journals Perception

2016 ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
Jonathan Leicester
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Automatic Monitoring ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Surrounding Space ◽  
The Brain

The selective nature of perception is noted, we only notice some things. The automatic monitoring of perception by belief is noted, and the possibility of mistaken judgements of perception. How sensory stimuli are picked up by sensory organs and transferred to the brain as trains of action potentials is understood, but how the brain transcodes these similar trains to the different perceptions of sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and pain is unknown. There are mysterious elements in how perceptions are projected from the brain to surrounding space and to other parts of the body. This projection may be a factor in the intuition of dualism. The ineffable nature of perceptions is demonstrated. The chapter ends with a note on the nature of mental imagery and its role in thought.

Architectural Affordances

2021 ◽  
pp. 230-234
Author(s):  
Zakaria Djebbara ◽  
Klaus Gramann
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
Functional Relation ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
The Body ◽  
Action And Perception ◽  
The Brain

In the article discussed in this chapter, the authors describe a framework of neuroaesthetics for architectural experiences that considers sensory feedback stemming from movement central for the experience of the built environment. As we move through space when experiencing architecture, our sensory impressions change, rendering the body and the brain as nondissociable agents of aesthetic experience. This interaction is described by the term affordance. The authors cast the human experience of the built environment to be predicated on the functional relation between action and perception and developed a neuroscientific experiment on architectural transitions to investigate how the human brain reflects architectural affordances. They found that varying sizes of transitions, reflecting different affordances, impact early perceptual processes, suggesting that our perception is indeed colored by the action potentials afforded by the composed space. In conclusion, the shape of space resonates with our embodied predictions regarding movement.

Electrophysiology of the peripheral nerve net in the polyclad flatworm Freemania litoricola

1975 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-479
Author(s):  
H. Koopowitz
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Conducting System ◽  
Response Decrement ◽  
Posterior Portion ◽  
Nerve Net ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
The Brain

1. A diffuse-conducting system close to the dorsal epithelium of the polyclad flatworm Freemania litoricola is described. Tactile stimuli elicit small action potentials which can be conducted around lesions through the body wall. The potentials can occur in bursts or barrages. 2. This conducting system appears to be insensitive to Mg2+ ions. 3. Conduction velocities (0–26--71 m/sec) vary over the animal. Conduction spread in the anterior half of the animal appears to be greater than that in the posterior portion. 4. Response decrement to repeated stimulation can be recorded in the peripheral system but it is not clear if this is due to habituation or fatigue. 5. Conduction from the peripheral net to the brain occurs. Some central units appear to pick up information only, or mainly, through the anterior nerves, while other units can respond to information conducted through the network to nerves of the contralateral side. 6. Different possibilities to account for this system are discussed, and it is suggested that the animals either possess a unique Mg2+ insensitive synaptic nerve-net or else the network is electrically coupled.

Electroencephalogram during arousal from hibernation in the birchmouse

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Andersen ◽  
Kjell Johansen ◽  
John Krog
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Action ◽  
Oral Temperature ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
The Brain

In the birchmouse, Sicista betulina, electrical activity of the brain was recorded at an oral temperature as low as 2.5°C. At body temperatures below about 10°C the activity consisted of bursts of slow waves separated by silent intervals. On increasing body temperature during the arousal this pattern was gradually replaced by activity of higher frequency until a normal electroencephalogram was recorded at about 30°C. No typical desynchronization of the EEG in response to sensory stimulation was noted until the body temperature reached that same level. The vocalization at low body temperatures induced by faint stimulation therefore seems to be unrelated to EEG desynchronization. The increase of recorded muscle-action potentials during the arousal from hibernation paralleled the increase in oxygen consumption and body temperature described previously (1).

scholarly journals Zn2+ influx activates ERK and Akt signaling pathways through a common mechanism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsie J. Anson ◽  
Giulia A. Corbet ◽  
Amy E. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Kinase Signaling ◽  
Stress Dependent ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractZinc (Zn2+) is an essential metal in biology and its bioavailability is highly regulated. Many cell types exhibit fluctuations in Zn2+ that appear to play an important role in cellular function. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms by which Zn2+ dynamics influence cell physiology remain enigmatic. Here, we use a combination of fluorescent biosensors and cell perturbations to define how changes in intracellular Zn2+ impact kinase signaling pathways. By simultaneously monitoring Zn2+ dynamics and kinase activity in individual cells, we quantify changes in labile Zn2+ and directly correlate changes in Zn2+ with ERK and Akt activity. Under our experimental conditions, Zn2+ fluctuations are not toxic and do not activate stress-dependent kinase signaling. We demonstrate that while Zn2+ can non-specifically inhibit phosphatases leading to sustained kinase activation, ERK and Akt are predominantly activated via upstream signaling, and through a common node via Ras. We provide a framework for quantification of Zn2+ fluctuations and correlate these fluctuations with signaling events in single cells to shed light on the role that Zn2+ dynamics play in healthy cell signaling.Significance StatementWhile zinc (Zn2+) is a vital ion for cell function and human health, little is known about the role it plays in regulating cell signaling. Here, we use fluorescent tools to study the interaction between Zn2+ and cell signaling pathways that play a role in cell growth and proliferation. Importantly, we use small, non-toxic Zn2+concentrations to ensure that our Zn2+ changes are closer to what cells would experience in the body and not stress-inducing. We also demonstrate that these signaling changes are driven by Ras activation, which contradicts one of the major hypotheses in the field. Our sensors shed light on how cells respond to a very important micronutrient in real time.

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