2. Market Mistakes And How Unpaid-For External Effects Are Killing Us

2016 ◽  
pp. 15-30
Keyword(s):  
External Effects

Update on nitrite in animal feed – Results of the studies of the ESST-working group ‘Nitrite in feed’

2016 ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Stefan Frenzel
Keyword(s):  
Growth Condition ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Study Group ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Complex Behaviour ◽  
Sugar Extraction ◽  
Expert Study

The presentation includes monitoring results of the companies participating in the ESST expert study group on “Nitrite in feed”. It will be obvious that the complex behaviour of nitrite in the sugar extraction process overlaps with external effects such as growth condition of the beet which are not under the control of the process owner. Currently the lack of reliable and validated analytical methods do not allow to comply to the questionable maximum nitrite limit for animal feed materials.

Quantum optics with nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwen Chu ◽  
Mikhail D. Lukin
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Quantum Information ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Quantum Optics ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Common Theme ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Optical Photons

A common theme in the implementation of quantum technologies involves addressing the seemingly contradictory needs for controllability and isolation from external effects. Undesirable effects of the environment must be minimized, while at the same time techniques and tools must be developed that enable interaction with the system in a controllable and well-defined manner. This chapter addresses several aspects of this theme with regard to a particularly promising candidate for developing applications in both metrology and quantum information, namely the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond. The chapter describes how the quantum states of NV centres can be manipulated, probed, and efficiently coupled with optical photons. It also discusses ways of tackling the challenges of controlling the optical properties of these emitters inside a complex solid state environment.

scholarly journals Double trouble: Gaia reveals (proto)planetary systems that may experience more than one dense star-forming environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 501 (1) ◽  
pp. L12-L17
Author(s):  
Christina Schoettler ◽  
Richard J Parker
Keyword(s):  
Planetary Systems ◽  
Young Star ◽  
Young Stars ◽  
Orion Nebula ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Star Forming Regions ◽  
Ejection Process ◽  
Runaway Stars

ABSTRACT Planetary systems appear to form contemporaneously around young stars within young star-forming regions. Within these environments, the chances of survival, as well as the long-term evolution of these systems, are influenced by factors such as dynamical interactions with other stars and photoevaporation from massive stars. These interactions can also cause young stars to be ejected from their birth regions and become runaways. We present examples of such runaway stars in the vicinity of the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) found in Gaia DR2 data that have retained their discs during the ejection process. Once set on their path, these runaways usually do not encounter any other dense regions that could endanger the survival of their discs or young planetary systems. However, we show that it is possible for star–disc systems, presumably ejected from one dense star-forming region, to encounter a second dense region, in our case the ONC. While the interactions of the ejected star–disc systems in the second region are unlikely to be the same as in their birth region, a second encounter will increase the risk to the disc or planetary system from malign external effects.

scholarly journals Light-curve properties of SN 2017fgc and HV SNe Ia

2021 ◽  
Vol 502 (3) ◽  
pp. 4112-4124
Author(s):  
Umut Burgaz ◽  
Keiichi Maeda ◽  
Belinda Kalomeni ◽  
Miho Kawabata ◽  
Masayuki Yamanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Curve ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Normal Velocity ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Band Maximum ◽  
Bolometric Luminosity ◽  
V Band ◽  
Photometric And Spectroscopic Observations ◽  
Type Ia

ABSTRACT Photometric and spectroscopic observations of Type Ia supernova (SN) 2017fgc, which cover the period from −12 to + 137 d since the B-band maximum are presented. SN 2017fgc is a photometrically normal SN Ia with the luminosity decline rate, Δm15(B)true  = 1.10 ± 0.10 mag. Spectroscopically, it belongs to the high-velocity (HV) SNe Ia group, with the Si ii λ6355 velocity near the B-band maximum estimated to be 15 200 ± 480 km s−1. At the epochs around the near-infrared secondary peak, the R and I bands show an excess of ∼0.2-mag level compared to the light curves of the normal velocity (NV) SNe Ia. Further inspection of the samples of HV and NV SNe Ia indicates that the excess is a generic feature among HV SNe Ia, different from NV SNe Ia. There is also a hint that the excess is seen in the V band, both in SN 2017fgc and other HV SNe Ia, which behaves like a less prominent shoulder in the light curve. The excess is not obvious in the B band (and unknown in the U band), and the colour is consistent with the fiducial SN colour. This might indicate that the excess is attributed to the bolometric luminosity, not in the colour. This excess is less likely caused by external effects, like an echo or change in reddening but could be due to an ionization effect, which reflects an intrinsic, either distinct or continuous, difference in the ejecta properties between HV and NV SNe Ia.

scholarly journals Sensitivity Analysis of Emission Models of Parcel Lockers vs. Home Delivery Based on HBEFA

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6325
Author(s):  
Maren Schnieder ◽  
Chris Hinde ◽  
Andrew West
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Home Delivery ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Emission Models ◽  
Home Deliveries ◽  
Parcel Deliveries

Global concerns about the environmental effects (e.g., pollution, land use, noise) of last-mile deliveries are increasing. Parcel lockers are seen as an option to reduce these external effects of last-mile deliveries. The contributions of this paper are threefold: firstly, the research studies simulating the emissions caused by parcel delivery to lockers are summarized. Secondly, a demand model for parcel deliveries in New York City (NYC) is created for 365 days and delivery trips to lockers and homes are optimized for 20 “real-world” scenarios. Thirdly, using the emission factors included in the HandBook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) database, the maximum percentage of customers who could pick up a parcel by car from parcel lockers that would result in fewer total emissions (driving customers + walking customers) than if home deliveries were adopted is calculated for various pollutants and scenario assumptions (i.e., street types, temperature, parking duration, level of service and vehicle drivetrain). This paper highlights how small changes in the calibration can significantly change the results and therefore using average values for emission factors or only considering one pollutant like most studies may not be appropriate.

Influence of the accumulation chamber insertion depth to measure surface radon exhalation rates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isidoro Gutiérrez Álvarez ◽  
José Luis Guerrero ◽  
José Enrique Martín ◽  
José Antonio Adame ◽  
Juan Pedro Bolívar
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lateral Diffusion ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Insertion Depth ◽  
Radon Exhalation ◽  
Accumulation Chamber ◽  
Diffusion Effects ◽  
Radon Exhalation Rates ◽  
The City ◽  
Effective Decay

<p>A common method to measure radon exhalation rates relies on the accumulation chamber technique. Usually, this approach only considers one-dimensional gas transport within the soil that neglects lateral diffusion. However, this lateral transport could reduce the reliability of the method. In this work, several cylindrical- shaped accumulation chambers were built with different heights to test if the insertion depth of the chamber into the soil improves the reliability of the method and, in that case, if it could limit the radon lateral diffusion effects. To check this hypothesis in laboratory, two reference exhalation boxes were manufactured using phospho- gypsum from a repository located nearby the city of Huelva, in the southwest of Spain. Laboratory experiments showed that insertion depth had a deep impact in reducing the effective decay constant of the system, extending the interval where the linear fitting can be applied, and consistently obtaining reliable exhalation measurements once a minimum insertion depth is employed. Field experiments carried out in the phosphogypsum repository showed that increasing the insertion depth could reduce the influence of external effects, increasing the re- peatability of the method. These experiments provided a method to obtain consistent radon exhalation mea- surements over the phosphogypsum repository.</p>

Foreign direct investment as a factor of technological development of the national economy

2020 ◽  
pp. 226-232
Author(s):  
М.Я. Веселовский ◽  
Т.В. Погодина
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Important Condition ◽  
Strategic Factor ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
Methodological Approaches

Привлечение инвестиций является стратегическим фактором и важным условием обеспечения динамичного социально-экономического и инновационно-технологического развития стран и регионов. В процессе исследования систематизированы факторы, условия и стимулы, оказывающие непосредственное воздействие на привлечение прямых иностранных инвестиций в экономику экономически развитых стран и России. Теоретически обосновано наличие внешних эффектов от привлечения прямых иностранных инвестиций, которые подразделяются на горизонтальные (внутриотраслевые и внутрирегиональные), вертикальные (межотраслевые и межрегиональные) эффекты. На основе анализа динамики иностранного инвестирования в экономику российских регионов выявлено, что в большей степени в России проявляются горизонтальные внешние эффекты. Исследованы тенденции валового накопления основного капитала в разрезе различных стран, на основе которых в целом прямые иностранные инвестиции повышают уровень конкуренции, способствуют внедрению современных управленческих решений и прогрессивных технологий. Предложены методические подходы по повышению инвестиционной привлекательности отраслей и регионов для инвесторов. ttracting investment is a strategic factor and an important condition for ensuring the dynamic socio-economic and innovative-technological development of countries and regions. The study systematizes factors, conditions and incentives that have a direct impact on attracting foreign direct investment in the economy of economically developed countries and Russia. Theoretically, the presence of external effects from attracting foreign direct investment, which are divided into horizontal (intra-industry and intra-regional), vertical (inter-industry and interregional) effects, is proved. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of foreign investment in the economy of Russian regions, it is revealed that horizontal external effects are more pronounced in Russia. The trends of gross fixed capital accumulation in the context of various countries are studied, on the basis of which, in General, foreign direct investment increases the level of competition, contributes to the introduction of modern management solutions and advanced technologies. Methodological approaches are proposed to increase the investment attractiveness of industries and regions for investors.

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