Capabilities for Complex Forensic Study of Objects of Phaleristics

The article addresses the methods used by traditional forensic examinations to study objects of phaleristics (orders and medals). The author justifies the necessity of a complex study of objects of phaleristics to ensure the completeness and validity of expert conclusions. Based on the examples from expert practice, the author also demonstrates the sequence of the actions of experts from different specialties in a complex investigation.Finally, the article provides the procedural characteristic of a comprehensive expert study.

METHODOLOGY EXPERT STUDY OF ROAD TRANSPORT ACCIDENT WITH PEDESTRIAN RIDING

The article presents a methodology for an expert study of a road accident with a collision with a pedestrian, which is aimed at determining whether a vehicle driver has the technical ability to avoid a collision in a specific situation. In addition, an analysis of methods is presented with a description of the stages of research and patterns of movement of a vehicle and a pedestrian before the occurrence of an accident. The presented technique can be used by experts in the investigation of road accidents

The Myopia Control in Real Clinical Practice: The Results of an Expert Study

The article presents expert study results about myopia control. The study was conducted by Russian eye care practitioners in 2019.Purpose. to summarize the views of eye care practitioners on the problem of myopia control in Russia.Methods. The study was conducted by mailing (sending) questionnaires to practitioners. The questionnaire contained 9 questions. Base questionnaire was developed by British Contact Lens Association (BCLA) for global study, translated into Russian and updated with items of interest to Russian practitioners.Results. 356 questionnaires were received and processed. Concern increasing frequency of pediatric myopia was highest (9.0 ± 0.08 on a 10 point scale). Orthokeratology was perceived to be the most effective method of myopia control, followed by myopia control soft contact lenses and increased time outdoors. Perceived effectiveness rated as percentage was 50.7 ± 1.6 %, 44.9 ± 1.8 % и 42.9 ± 1.7 % respectively. Perifocal spectacles correction was perceived to be the most effective method in the Southern area of Russia (56.8 ± 11.1 %), atropine — in the Northwestern Federal District (39.5 ± 7.1 %), scleroplasty — in the Far East (55.1 ± 7.6 %). Under-correction was perceived to be the least effective method in all areas (11.6 ± 1.0 %). Increased time outdoors was a priority for most practitioners (on average 94.0 ± 7.8 prescriptions per month by one practitioner). Practitioners prescribed single vision spectacles as the primary mode of correction for myopic patients (47.2 ± 3.6 prescriptions per month by one practitioner). Phenylephrine instillation was used often (49.4 ± 3.6 prescriptions per month by one practitioner). This trend was in most areas. Vision therapy was used most frequent in Siberia and the Urals and in the Far East (70.4 ± 11.5 и 20.0 ± 5.2 prescriptions per month by one practitioner respectively). The most common reasons practitioners gave for not adopting myopia control strategies were: they were felt to be uneconomical (42.1 %); they considered there to be inadequate information about the modalities (22.2 %). 45 % practitioners from the Far East called the last reason the main one. 42.9 % practitioners from Northwestern Federal District did not believe that these are any more effective methods then single vision correction.Conclusion. The active promotion and introduction into everyday clinical practice of myopia control methods that have proven to be highly effective could help reduce the frequency of progressive and degenerative myopia

A Comparative Understanding of Criminal Liability Formation for Crimes Against Women in Uzbekistan and Cameroon

Women continue to be victims of violence and the violation of their human rights keep being in the increase as they experienced constant hatred on their status. This article analyzes liability for crimes against women under criminal legislations of the Republic of Uzbekistan and Cameroon by assessing the Criminal Codes rules in both countries in terms of identifying its distinctive features of legal regulation conditional to gender and family differences of subjects is provided. Expert study of criminal legislations related to crimes against women plays a facilitating role in identifying not only real scope of criminal law rules, but also determining if there is a gap in law, or legal regulation is insufficiently socially conditioned. Moreover, analysis of genesis of criminal standards on responsibility for crimes against women made it possible to trace changes in law in relation to such objects of criminal law protection as, for example, life, health, sexual freedom and sexual immunity, honor and dignity of woman, interests of family and its members.

Potential Use of Intelligent Machine Vision Systems in Forensic Psychological Examination

The objective of this study is to develop and experimentally verify the expert method of non-contact psychological and physiological diagnostics of emotional and mental state of a person by measuring complex patterns of facial micro-movements beyond the conscious control of the person through the use of special software, as well as to determine the opportunities and limitations of using this method in forensic psychological examinations. The authors substantiate the prospects of unbiased methods for assessing a person’s emotional and mental state by measuring behavioural patterns using modern digital technologies. The paper identifies the key factors that determine the effectiveness of forensic psychological examination methods. The results of the study revealed both general regularities to distinguish patterns and their individual characteristics. However, there were no consistently repeated facial patterns that would allow differentiating the initial stimuli of emotional reactions. It was established that the essential factor subject to the evaluation through the analysis of facial expressions is the level of cognitive load, representing the weight of the situation for a certain person. By applying machine-learning method, the authors developed a technology of the binary classification of questions according to the degree of their subjective cognitive complexity based on the facial micro-­movements when a person answers the interview questions. The predictive model served as the basis for the development of a pilot version of the expert study method to assess the subjective cognitive complexity of the interview questions. The paper provides minimum technical requirements of “Systems of Psychological and Physiolo­gical Studies” software for the analysis of video footage in forensic psychological examination, including standardized requirements for recording an examined person’s facial expressions during the interview. The authors also developed the sequence of the expert’s actions. The paper includes the legal rationale for a new expert study method to be implemented.

Panel Session toward Improved Communication and Engagement with the Public after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident: Study Reports and Discussion with Specialists from Relevant Fields

Background: From 2018 to 2020, the Expert Study on Public Understanding after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (the Expert Study Group) identified and analyzed activities designed to promote public understanding of science and radiation since the Fukushima accident, and held discussions on how to achieve public understanding in the situation where public confidence has been lost, and how experts should prepare for dealing with the public. This panel session was held at the 53rd meeting of the Japan Health Physics Society on June 30, 2020.Materials and Methods: First, three subgroup (SG) leaders reported their research methods and results. Then, two designated speakers, who participated as observers of the Expert Study Group, commented on the activities. Next, the five speakers held a panel discussion. Finally, the rapporteur summarized.Results and Discussion: SG leaders presented reports from researchers and practitioners in health physics and environmental risks who provided information after the Fukushima accident. During the discussion, experts in sociology and ethics discussed the issues, focusing on the overall goals of the three groups, local (personal) and mass communication, and ethical values. Many of the activities instituted by the experts after the accident were aimed at public understanding of science (that is, to provide knowledge to residents), but by taking into account interactions with residents and their ethical norms, the experts shifted to supporting the residents’ decision-making through public engagement. The need to consider both content and channels is well known in the field of health communication, and overlaps with the above discussion.Conclusion: How to implement and promote the public engagement in society was discussed in both the floor and designated discussions. Cooperation between local communities and organizations that have already gained trust is also necessary in order to develop relationships with local residents in normal times, to establish an information transmission system, and to make it work effectively.

Problems of Vehicle Identification by Tire Marks on the Soil

Scientific research is focused on the problems of vehicle identification by tire marks on the soil. It is argued that the car can either be a participant in a traffic accident or be used during theft of property or kidnapping. The constructional features of the wheels and tires of a car, which are important in the formation of tracks, are described. When the wheel comes into contact with the soil, the tread pattern is reflected. The features of the vehicle tire marks recorded by the investigator and the forensic scientist during the scene search have been determined. Photo or video recording of car wheel tracks is possible, as well as preparing the impression from the display of the tread on the soil. The possibilities of transport and traceological examination for studying the traces of car wheels have been established. The procedure for appointing an expert examination by an investigator is described. There is a list of materials that are provided for an expert study, as well as a list of questions that can be posed to an expert. It is argued that a problem in proving the involvement of a vehicle in the commission of a crime is the possibility of the vehicle tires or wheels to be replaced immediately after it has been committed. Recommendations regarding the identification of a vehicle based on tire marks on the soil are suggested. To establish the fact of changing tires on a car after the commission of a crime, the investigator must seize all sets of tires that are found in the suspect’s household or garage. It is possible to confirm the fact of changing tires on a particular car by interrogating employees of service stations located near the suspect’s residence. In addition to tire marks, to identify the vehicle, it is worth using the testimony of witnesses regarding the model and color of the car, traces of glass debris and paint chips at the accident site and damage on the car itself.