scholarly journals The estimation of an anthropogenic depth boundary using the magnetic susceptibility method in Kogi State, North-Central Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Solomon Sunday Jatto ◽  
Kizito O Musa ◽  
Usikalu R. Mojisola
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Anthropogenic Influence ◽  
North Central ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollutants ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Susceptibility Maps ◽  
Parent Rocks ◽  
Soil Magnetic Susceptibility

Magnetic susceptibility measurements remain one of the most reliable methods used to investigate the pollution of both surface and subsurface soil from metallic anthropogenic sources. Most of the geological rocks within the study area increase the susceptibility of the soil; however, knowing the natural background susceptibility of the parent rocks will give an idea of the anthropogenic influence on the susceptibility of the soil. This study was carried out in Kogi State, North Central Nigeria, with the aim of determining the depth of the boundary between the anthropogenic influences on soil magnetic susceptibility from those of a lithogenic origin. Magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out on 1,760 soil samples, collected from 220 soil profiles at a depth of 80.0 cm and at intervals of 10.0 cm. From the spatial distribution of magnetic susceptibility maps at different depths, the boundary between the basement complex and the sedimentary basin was clearly demarcated. The result further shows the highest magnetic susceptibility values of 350–650 × 10−5 SI, which dominates the surface soil to a depth of 40.0 cm. At the depth of 40–50 cm, the result indicates the combination of a natural anthropogenic influence on soil magnetic susceptibility with an average of 250 × 10−5 SI. Furthermore, no evidence of layering along the depth sections was observed, suggesting that the soil profiles indicate areas mainly covered by anthropogenically influenced susceptibility, which were localized and restricted to commercial places within the state. This study reveals that the average depth of soil affected by anthropogenic pollutants is between 40–50 cm in commercial places and 20–30 cm in other places with less commercial activities.

Delineation of soil drainage class by electromagnetically measurements of soil magnetic susceptibility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad Shirzaditabar ◽  
Richard Heck ◽  
Mike Catalano
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Hydric Soils ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Drainage Class ◽  
Soil Magnetic Susceptibility

<p>Soil has the most important role in agriculture. For instance, it prevents run off and also through its capacity for storing water, it acts as a water reservoir and provide water resources for plant roots. Water retention characteristics, nutrient holding capacities and solute transport of soil can affect its productivity. So, the plant growth is directly associated with the type of soil drainage. The prediction of soil drainage classes is one of the major steps in developing crop modelling. Among different physical and chemical soil health indicators, soil magnetic susceptibility (MS) is a promising factor for soil surveying because it is strongly affected by soil drainage class. The extremely reducing conditions, present in hydric soils, significantly enhance dissolution of soil ferrimagnetic minerals such as magnetite and maghemite. Since the MS of soils is mainly controlled by magnetite and maghemite concentrations, therefore MS values are typically very low in hydric, i.e. poorly drained or gleyed, soils.</p><p>The common method for measuring soil MS is utilizing handheld or laboratory MS meters (e.g. Bartington MS2 sensors). Such MS meters are required soil specimen to be available to directly measure MS of that specimen. So, their application is limited to surface soils, soil exposures and sampled soils. Other types of instruments for quickly measuring soil properties are electromagnetic induction (EMI) instruments. Although the EMI instruments were primarily invented to measure electrical conductivity (EC) of the topsoil for assessment of soil salinity, they can also be utilized to measure absolute value of the volume MS of the topsoil. These volume MS values can be further processed and inverted to reveal MS variations of soil layers.</p><p>In this study, 1-D inversion of volume MS data, measured by Geonics EM38 instrument in both vertical and horizontal magnetic dipole configurations, was done to calculate MS of selected soil profiles in order to delineate soil drainage classes. Besides, laboratory measurements of volume and mass-specific MS of soil core samples, collected in the same soil profiles, were done using Bartington MS2B and MS2C sensors. Results show a strong and positive relationship between MS values measured in the laboratory and volume MS recovered from inversion technique. Furthermore, the results reveal that MS in a well drained profile is higher than that of a poorly drained profile. Since EMI measurements of soil MS are done quickly in the field, then using surface MS measurements facilitates hydric soil delineation in a faster and more precise way.</p>

scholarly journals Sediment origin and pedogenesis in the former mill pond basin of Turznice (north-central Poland) based on magnetic susceptibility measurements

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-69
Author(s):  
Łukasz Mendyk ◽  
Piotr Hulisz ◽  
Grzegorz Kusza ◽  
Marcin Świtoniak ◽  
Leszek Gersztyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Specific Mass ◽  
North Central ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Pond Sediments ◽  
Sedimentation Conditions

Abstract This paper aims to assess the usefulness of magnetic susceptibility measurements in pedological studies of mill pond sediments. The study area includes the former Turznice mill pond basin located in the south-eastern part of the Grudziądz Basin. Four soil profiles were selected within the transect located along the longitudinal axis of the basin. The following soil properties were determined in the collected samples: bulk density, particle size distribution, pH, content of carbonates, approximate content of organic matter (LOI), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (Nt), and the pseudo-total contents of metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd). The obtained results were correlated with the specific (mass) magnetic susceptibility (χ). This study revealed that the variability of the soil cover in the basin was driven by different sedimentation conditions. The different composition of natural terrace deposits versus mill pond sediments has been well reflected in the magnetic properties. However, the possibility cannot be excluded that a pedogenic (gleyic) process is the key factor causing the vertical variability of magnetic properties in studied soils.

National-scale spatial variations of soil magnetic susceptibility in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 103191
Author(s):  
Julierme Zimmer Barbosa ◽  
Giovana Poggere ◽  
Sérgio Henrique Godinho Silva ◽  
Marcelo Mancini ◽  
Antonio Carlos Vargas Motta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Soil Magnetic Susceptibility

A pedological study of phosphorus in 12 soils derived from granite

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Wild
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Rock Weathering ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
Methods Of Calculation ◽  
Parent Rocks

Chemical analysis of 12 soil profiles on granite showed that all except two had lost phosphate by leaching. The loss of phosphorus from each profile is calculated in grams per sq centimetre of profile surface, and as a percentage of the amount originally present. Three methods of calculation are used, each being based on one of the following assumptions as to the changes which take place on rock weathering: that there is (a) no change in weight, (b) no change in volume, (c) no loss of zirconium. The three methods are generally consistent in showing which soils are the most leached and which are the least leached. The estimated loss of phosphorus from each profile depends on which assumption is made. There is no simple correlation between the loss of phosphorus and the present rainfall. Reasons which are suggested are that the soils differ in age, in level of organic matter, and possibly in the rates of weathering of the parent rocks. Up to two-thirds of the phosphorus retained in the soil is chemically bound by the free oxides of iron and aluminium.

Reconsidering the paleoclimate implications of magnetic susceptibility records of Holocene loessic soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Jordanova ◽  
Neli Jordanova
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Chinese Loess Plateau ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Chinese Loess ◽  
Loess Area ◽  
River Terraces ◽  
Paleoclimate Proxy

<p>Mass specific magnetic susceptibility variations with depth along soil profiles developed on loess parent material is one of the most frequently used physical parameters in local, regional and global correlations of loess deposits. It is also utilized as a paleo-precipitation proxy, defined either as absolute difference between susceptibilities of the enhanced B-horizon and parent loess, or as relative enhancement using ratios of magnetic parameters. These different approaches in the application of magnetic susceptibility as paleoclimate proxy lead us to perform a comparative study on a number of Holocene soil profiles developed on loess from European loess area and the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). We made a compilation of data including 20 profiles from North Bulgaria, 28 profiles from Eastern and Central Europe; and 26 profiles from the CLP. Minimum magnetic susceptibilities of the last glacial loess (X<sub>min</sub>) from the compiled data base for European and Chinese profiles show climate related variability, revealing multi linear relationship with both present day MAP and MAT values for the corresponding locations. Strong deviations of X<sub>min</sub> from this dependence display sites located at low elevation river terraces, Black sea coast and possessing large content of coarse silt and sand fractions. Pedogenic magnetic susceptibility (X<sub>pedo</sub>) defined as (X<sub>max</sub> - X<sub>min</sub>) with  X<sub>max</sub> determined from the youngest part (last 1500 – 2000 years B.P.) of the Holocene magnetic susceptibility records of Chinese sections and absolute X<sub>max</sub> of the European sites show systematic dependence on modern MAP and MAT values. This dependence is uniform for all sites with steppe vegetation, while higher scatter and steeper regression trends are observed for sites under mixed (steppe – forest) and forest vegetation. The study is financially supported by project No KP-06-N34/2 funded by the Bulgarian National Science Fund.</p>

scholarly journals Magnetic Signatures on River Sediments and Agricultural Soils as Proxy Indicators of Anthropogenic-derived Pollution (Case Study: Cikijing River, Rancaekek, West Java)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 381
Author(s):  
Dini Fitriani ◽  
Widya Utami ◽  
Kartika Hajar Kirana ◽  
Eleonora Agustine ◽  
Siti Zulaikah
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Magnetic Minerals ◽  
West Java ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollutants ◽  
Magnetic Signatures

A number of activities occur around the Cikijing River in Rancaekek area, West Java, such as industrial and domestic activities. The various activities could decrease the quality of the river and surrounding environment due to anthropogenic pollutants that might be produced. Since the Cikijing River is also used as the source of irrigation, paddy fields around the river could be also be affected. The presence of pollutants in river sediments and agricultural soils over a long period could change their magnetic properties. Magnetic susceptibility of Cikijing River sediments and soils of the paddy fields in the surrounding have been examined considering that magnetic properties could represent environmental conditions. The results show that river sediments have magnetic susceptibility (cLF) in range of 356.2-456.3 (×10-8) m3kg-1, whereas soils samples have cLF varying from 94.1 to 347.1 (×10-8) m3kg-1, suggesting domination of ferrimagnetic minerals. The cFD (%) is <4% indicating the anthropogenic origin of magnetic minerals.  Electron microscopy images show the imperfect octahedral and spherules shapes of magnetic grains that supports magnetic susceptibility analysis about the source of magnetic minerals. Elemental composition analysis reveals Fe and O’s content as main elements, including minor elements of Ca, Mg, Al. Si, Ti and Cr

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