Effects of Simulated Genu Valgum and Genu Varum on Ground Reaction Forces and Subtalar Joint Function During Gait

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 531-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Van Gheluwe ◽  
Kevin A. Kirby ◽  
Friso Hagman
Keyword(s):  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Genu Valgum ◽  
Genu Varum ◽  
Contact Phase ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Gait Study

The mechanical effects of genu valgum and varum deformities on the subtalar joint were investigated. First, a theoretical model of the forces within the foot and lower extremity during relaxed bipedal stance was developed predicting the rotational effect on the subtalar joint due to genu valgum and varum deformities. Second, a kinetic gait study was performed involving 15 subjects who walked with simulated genu valgum and genu varum over a force plate and a plantar pressure mat to determine the changes in the ground reaction force vector within the frontal plane and the changes in the center-of-pressure location on the plantar foot. These results predicted that a genu varum deformity would tend to cause a subtalar pronation moment to increase or a supination moment to decrease during the contact and propulsion phases of walking. With genu valgum, it was determined that during the contact phase a subtalar pronation moment would increase, whereas in the early propulsive phase, a subtalar supination moment would increase or a pronation moment would decrease. However, the current inability to track the spatial position of the subtalar joint axis makes it difficult to determine the absolute direction and magnitudes of the subtalar joint moments. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(6): 531–541, 2005)

scholarly journals Habitual Physical Activity as a Determinant of the Effect of Moderate Physical Exercise on Postural Control in Older Men

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Stemplewski ◽  
Janusz Maciaszek ◽  
Maciej Tomczak ◽  
Robert Szeklicki ◽  
Dorota Sadowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Habitual Physical Activity ◽  
Similar Reaction ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Ergometer Exercise

The aim of the study was to compare the effect of exercise on postural control (PC) among the elderly with lower or higher level of habitual physical activity (HPA). The study involved 17 elderly men (mean age 72.9 ± 4.79 years). Mean velocity of the center of pressure (COP) displacements was measured using a force plate both before and after cycle ergometer exercise. A significantly higher increase in mean velocity of COP displacements and its component in the sagittal plane were observed in the group with lower level of HPA in comparison with the group with higher HPA level. Simultaneously, a relatively similar reaction to the exercise in the frontal plane was observed in both groups, possibly connected to the specific type of used exercise, which mainly activated the sagittal muscles.

Modification of the contact area of a standard force platform and runway for small breed dogs

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (04) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. W. Kim ◽  
T. C. Garcia-Nolan ◽  
S. Y. Kim ◽  
K. Hayashi ◽  
P. L. Hitchens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Force Platform ◽  
Standard Size ◽  
Plate Size ◽  
Propulsion Force ◽  
In Series ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Wood Frame ◽  
Clinically Significant

SummaryObjectives: To develop a platform that used standard size force plates for large breed dogs to capture ground reaction force data from any size dog.Methods: A walkway platform was constructed to accommodate two force plates (60 cm x 40 cm) positioned in series to a variety of smaller sizes. It was constructed from a custom wood frame with thick aluminium sheet force plate covers that prevented transfer of load to the force plate, except for rectangular windows of three different dimensions. A friction study was performed to ensure plates did not translate relative to one another during gait trials. A prospective, observational, single crossover study design was used to compare the effect of force platform configuration (full plate size [original plate], half plate size [modified plate]) on ground reaction forces using eight adult healthy Labrador Retriever dogs.Results: Slippage of the steel plate on the force plate did not occur. Peak propulsion force was the only kinetic variable statistically different between the full size and half sized platforms. There were no clinically significant differences between the full and half force platforms for the variables and dogs studied.Discussion and conclusion: The modified force platform allows the original 60 x 40 cm force plate to be adjusted effectively to a 30 x 40 cm, 20 x 40 cm and 15 x 40 cm sized plate with no clinically significant change in kinetic variables. This modification that worked for large breed dogs will potentially allow kinetic analysis of a large variety of dogs with different stride lengths.

Ground reaction force and hoof deceleration patterns on two different surfaces at the trot

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Gustås ◽  
Christopher Johnston ◽  
Stig Drevemo
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Triaxial Accelerometer ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Sand Surface ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Force Data

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to compare the hoof deceleration and ground reaction forces following impact on two different surfaces. Seven unshod Standardbreds were trotted by hand at 3.0–5.7 m s− 1 over a force plate covered by either of the two surfaces, sandpaper or a 1 cm layer of sand. Impact deceleration data were recorded from one triaxial accelerometer mounted on the fore- and hind hooves, respectively. Ground reaction force data were obtained synchronously from a force plate, sampled at 4.8 kHz. The differences between the two surfaces were studied by analysing representative deceleration and force variables for individual horses. The maximum horizontal peak deceleration and the loading rates of the vertical and the horizontal forces were significantly higher on sandpaper compared with the sand surface (P < 0.001). In addition, the initial vertical deceleration was significantly higher on sandpaper in the forelimb (P < 0.001). In conclusion, it was shown that the different qualities of the ground surface result in differences in the hoof-braking pattern, which may be of great importance for the strength of the distal horse limb also at slow speeds.

scholarly journals Active foot placement control ensures stable gait: Effect of constraints on foot placement and ankle moments

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0242215
Author(s):  
A. M. van Leeuwen ◽  
J. H. van Dieën ◽  
A. Daffertshofer ◽  
S. M. Bruijn
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Tight Control ◽  
Foot Placement ◽  
Ankle Moment ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Moment Control

Step-by-step foot placement control, relative to the center of mass (CoM) kinematic state, is generally considered a dominant mechanism for maintenance of gait stability. By adequate (mediolateral) positioning of the center of pressure with respect to the CoM, the ground reaction force generates a moment that prevents falling. In healthy individuals, foot placement is complemented mainly by ankle moment control ensuring stability. To evaluate possible compensatory relationships between step-by-step foot placement and complementary ankle moments, we investigated the degree of (active) foot placement control during steady-state walking, and under either foot placement-, or ankle moment constraints. Thirty healthy participants walked on a treadmill, while full-body kinematics, ground reaction forces and EMG activities were recorded. As a replication of earlier findings, we first showed step-by-step foot placement is associated with preceding CoM state and hip ab-/adductor activity during steady-state walking. Tight control of foot placement appears to be important at normal walking speed because there was a limited change in the degree of foot placement control despite the presence of a foot placement constraint. At slow speed, the degree of foot placement control decreased substantially, suggesting that tight control of foot placement is less essential when walking slowly. Step-by-step foot placement control was not tightened to compensate for constrained ankle moments. Instead compensation was achieved through increases in step width and stride frequency.

Correlation between Ground Reaction Force and Tibial Acceleration in Vertical Jumping

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niell G. Elvin ◽  
Alex A. Elvin ◽  
Steven P. Arnoczky
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Accelerometer Data ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Vertical Jumping ◽  
Average Coefficient ◽  
Reaction Forces

Modern electronics allow for the unobtrusive measurement of accelerations outside the laboratory using wireless sensor nodes. The ability to accurately measure joint accelerations under unrestricted conditions, and to correlate them with jump height and landing force, could provide important data to better understand joint mechanics subject to real-life conditions. This study investigates the correlation between peak vertical ground reaction forces, as measured by a force plate, and tibial axial accelerations during free vertical jumping. The jump heights calculated from force-plate data and accelerometer measurements are also compared. For six male subjects participating in this study, the average coefficient of determination between peak ground reaction force and peak tibial axial acceleration is found to be 0.81. The coefficient of determination between jump height calculated using force plate and accelerometer data is 0.88. Data show that the landing forces could be as high as 8 body weights of the jumper. The measured peak tibial accelerations ranged up to 42 g. Jump heights calculated from force plate and accelerometer sensors data differed by less than 2.5 cm. It is found that both impact accelerations and landing forces are only weakly correlated with jump height (the average coefficient of determination is 0.12). This study shows that unobtrusive accelerometers can be used to determine the ground reaction forces experienced in a jump landing. Whereas the device also permitted an accurate determination of jump height, there was no correlation between peak ground reaction force and jump height.

scholarly journals The Effect of Teeth Clenching on Dynamic Balance at Jump-Landing: A Pilot Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-215
Author(s):  
Tomomasa Nakamura ◽  
Yuriko Yoshida ◽  
Hiroshi Churei ◽  
Junya Aizawa ◽  
Kenji Hirohata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Masseter Muscle ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Jump Landing ◽  
Teeth Clenching ◽  
Vertical Ground

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of teeth clenching on dynamic balance at jump landing. Twenty-five healthy subjects performed jump-landing tasks with or without teeth clenching. The first 3 trials were performed with no instruction; subsequently, subjects were ordered to clench at the time of landing in the following 3 trials. We collected the data of masseter muscle activity by electromyogram, the maximum vertical ground reaction force (vGRFmax) and center of pressure (CoP) parameters by force plate during jump-landing. According to the clenching status of control jump-landing, all participants were categorized into a spontaneous clenching group and no clenching group, and the CoP data were compared. The masseter muscle activity was correlated with vGRFmax during anterior jump-landing, while it was not correlated with CoP. In comparisons between the spontaneous clenching and the no clenching group during anterior jump-landing, the spontaneous clenching group showed harder landing and the CoP area became larger than the no clenching group. There were no significant differences between pre- and postintervention in both spontaneous clenching and no clenching groups. The effect of teeth clenching on dynamic balance during jump-landing was limited.

scholarly journals A data set with kinematic and ground reaction forces of human balance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damiana A dos Santos ◽  
Claudiane A Fukuchi ◽  
Reginaldo K Fukuchi ◽  
Marcos Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Force Platform ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Reaction Forces

This article describes a public data set with the three-dimensional kinematics of the whole body and the ground reaction forces (with a dual force platform setup) of subjects standing still for 60 s in different conditions, in which the vision and the standing surface were manipulated. Twenty-seven young subjects and 22 old subjects were evaluated. The data set comprises a file with metadata plus 1,813 files with the ground reaction force (GRF) and kinematics data for the 49 subjects (three files for each of the 12 trials plus one file for each subject). The file with metadata has information about each subject’s sociocultural, demographic, and health characteristics. The files with the GRF have the data from each force platform and from the resultant GRF (including the center of pressure data). The files with the kinematics have the three-dimensional position of the 42 markers used for the kinematic model of the whole body and the 73 calculated angles. In this text, we illustrate how to access, analyze, and visualize the data set. All the data is available at Figshare (DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.4525082 ), and a companion Jupyter Notebook (available at https://github.com/demotu/datasets ) presents the programming code to generate analyses and other examples.

scholarly journals Active foot placement control ensures stable gait: Effect of constraints on foot placement and ankle moments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. van Leeuwen ◽  
J.H. van Dieën ◽  
A. Daffertshofer ◽  
S.M. Bruijn
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Tight Control ◽  
Foot Placement ◽  
Ankle Moment ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Moment Control

AbstractStep-by-step foot placement control, relative to the center of mass (CoM) kinematic state, is generally considered a dominant mechanism for maintenance of gait stability. By adequate (mediolateral) positioning of the center of pressure with respect to the CoM, the ground reaction force generates a moment that prevents falling. In healthy individuals, foot placement is complemented mainly by ankle moment control ensuring stability. To evaluate possible compensatory relationships between step-by-step foot placement and complementary ankle moments, we investigated the degree of (active) foot placement control during steady-state walking, and under either foot placement-, or ankle moment constraints. Thirty healthy participants walked on a treadmill, while full-body kinematics, ground reaction forces and EMG activities were recorded. As a replication of earlier findings, we first showed step-by-step foot placement is associated with preceding CoM state and hip ab-/adductor activity during steady-state walking. Tight control of foot placement appears to be important at normal walking speed because there was a limited change in the degree of foot placement control despite the presence of a foot placement constraint. At slow speed, the degree of foot placement control decreased substantially, suggesting that tight control of foot placement is less essential when walking slowly. Step-by-step foot placement control was not tightened to compensate for constrained ankle moments. Instead compensation was achieved through increases in step width and stride frequency.

scholarly journals A data set with kinematic and ground reaction forces of human balance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damiana A dos Santos ◽  
Claudiane A Fukuchi ◽  
Reginaldo K Fukuchi ◽  
Marcos Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Force Platform ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Reaction Forces

This article describes a public data set with the three-dimensional kinematics of the whole body and the ground reaction forces (with a dual force platform setup) of subjects standing still for 60 s in different conditions, in which the vision and the standing surface were manipulated. Twenty-seven young subjects and 22 old subjects were evaluated. The data set comprises a file with metadata plus 1,813 files with the ground reaction force (GRF) and kinematics data for the 49 subjects (three files for each of the 12 trials plus one file for each subject). The file with metadata has information about each subject’s sociocultural, demographic, and health characteristics. The files with the GRF have the data from each force platform and from the resultant GRF (including the center of pressure data). The files with the kinematics have the three-dimensional position of the 42 markers used for the kinematic model of the whole body and the 73 calculated angles. In this text, we illustrate how to access, analyze, and visualize the data set. All the data is available at Figshare (DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.4525082 ), and a companion Jupyter Notebook (available at https://github.com/demotu/datasets ) presents the programming code to generate analyses and other examples.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF A PROSTHETIC FOOT WITH INCREASED CORONAL ADAPTABILITY ON CROSS-SLOPE WALKING

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Altenburg ◽  
Michael Ernst ◽  
Pawel Maciejasz ◽  
Thomas Schmalz ◽  
Frank Braatz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Patient Reported Outcomes ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Prosthetic Foot ◽  
Patient Reported

BACKGROUND: Walking on cross-slopes is a common but challenging task for persons with lower limb amputation. The uneven ground and the resulting functional leg length discrepancy in this situation requires adaptability of both user and prosthesis. OBJECTIVE(S): This study investigated the effects of a novel prosthetic foot that offers adaptability on cross-slope surfaces, using instrumented gait analysis and patient-reported outcomes. Moreover, the results were compared with two common prosthetic feet.  METHODOLOGY: Twelve individuals with unilateral transtibial amputation and ten able-bodied control subjects participated in this randomized cross-over study. Participants walked on level ground and ±10° inclined cross-slopes at a self-selected walking speed. There were three prosthetic foot interventions: Triton Side Flex (TSF), Triton LP and Pro-Flex LP. The accommodation time for each foot was at least 4 weeks. The main outcome measures were as follows: frontal plane adaptation of shoe and prosthetic foot keel, mediolateral course of the center of pressure, ground reaction force in vertical and mediolateral direction, external knee adduction moment, gait speed, stance phase duration, step length and step width. Patient-reported outcomes assessed were the Activities Specific Balanced Confidence (ABC) scale, Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS M) and Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (ADL-Q).  FINDINGS: The TSF prosthetic foot adapted both faster and to a greater extent to the cross-slope conditions compared to the Triton LP and Pro-Flex LP. The graphs for the mediolateral center of pressure course and mediolateral ground reaction force showed a distinct grouping for level ground and ±10° cross-slopes, similar to control subjects. In the ADL-Q, participants reported a higher level of perceived safety and comfort when using the TSF on cross-slopes. Eight out of twelve participants preferred the TSF over the reference. CONCLUSION: The frontal plane adaptation characteristics of the TSF prosthetic foot appear to be beneficial to the user and thus may enhance locomotion on uneven ground – specifically on cross-slopes. Layman's Abstract Walking on cross-slopes is a common but challenging task for persons with lower limb amputation. The adaptability of prostheses is limited. Users alter gait strategies to cope with uneven ground. The prosthetic foot is a central component of a lower limb prosthesis. This study investigated if a novel prosthetic foot with greater adaptability is beneficial on cross-slopes. Twelve individuals with transtibial amputation (ITTAs) took part in the study. In addition, ten abled-bodied persons were measured as controls. The ITTAs were fitted with the novel foot and a reference foot. The accommodation time for each foot was four weeks at least. Afterwards gait data and patient-reported outcomes were assessed. The analyzed gait data showed clear differences in terrain compliance for the measured feet. The novel foot adapts both faster and to a greater extent to the cross-slope conditions. The self-reported outcome measures revealed better comfort and perceived safety when using the adaptive foot concept in comparison to the commercial reference. These results suggest that the adaptation characteristics of the novel foot concept are beneficial to the user. Thus, it may enhance locomotion on uneven ground such as cross-slopes. Article PDF Link: How To Cite: Altenburg B, Ernst M, Maciejasz P, Schmalz T, Braatz F, Gerke H, Bellmann M. Effects of a prosthetic foot with increased coronal adaptability on cross-slope walking. Canadian Prosthetics & Orthotics Journal. 2021;Volume 4, Issue 1, No.7.  https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v4i1.35206 Corresponding Author: Björn Altenburg,Research Biomechanics, Ottobock SE & Co. KGaA, Göttingen, Germany.E-Mail: [email protected] ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3484-4346  

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