Prediction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasana T. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Human Survival ◽  
The Third ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Social Prediction ◽  
The Brain

The third chapter introduces prediction as a Bayesian process that ensures survival. It then focuses on social prediction—predicting other people’s behavior—exploring consistently low correlations between traits (a form of social cognition) and behavior. It then describes the brain correlates of prediction violation, social reward, and social punishment, before arguing that social cognition may not be necessary to predict other people’s behavior; instead people may rely on other heuristics such as social norms. Therefore, it discounts the importance of social cognition for this aspect of human survival.

Social clumsiness

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-76
Author(s):  
Mark Selikowitz
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Behaviour Modification ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Social Difficulties ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Social Competence Deficits ◽  
Social Prediction ◽  
The Brain

To acquire age-appropriate social skills, certain parts of the brain need to develop normally. Children with ADHD may experience social difficulties and experience what is called a social cognition deficit. This chapter outlines social clumsiness in ADHD. It discusses social cognition as a function of the brain, specific social competence deficits (social blindness, egocentricity, lack of appropriate inhibition, insatiability, insensitivity to style and convention, lack of responsiveness, over-talkativeness, difficulties reading facial expression, aggressive tendencies, lack of judgment, poor understanding of group dynamics, misinterpretation of feedback, poor social prediction, poor social memory, lack of awareness of image, poor behaviour-modification strategies), management of social clumsiness, and autism spectrum disorder.

An MEG Study of Silent Meaning

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1905-1921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liina Pylkkänen ◽  
Brian McElree
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Semantic Composition ◽  
Anterior Midline ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
Meaning Interpretation ◽  
Anomalous Condition ◽  
The Brain

Although research on the neural bases of language has made significant progress on how the brain accesses the meanings of words, our understanding of sentence-level semantic composition remains limited. We studied the magnetoencephalography (MEG) responses elicited by expressions whose meanings involved an element not expressed in the syntax, which enabled us to investigate the brain correlates of semantic composition without confounds from syntactic composition. Sentences such as the author began the book, which asserts that an activity was begun although no activity is mentioned in the syntax, were contrasted with control sentences such as the author wrote the book, which involved no implicit meaning. These conditions were further compared with a semantically anomalous condition (the author disgusted the book). MEG responses to the object noun showed that silent meaning and anomaly are associated with distinct effects, silent meaning, but not anomaly, eliciting increased amplitudes in the anterior midline field (AMF) at 350–450 msec. The AMF was generated in ventromedial prefrontal areas, usually implicated for social cognition and theory of mind. Our results raise the possibility that silent meaning interpretation may share mechanisms with these neighboring domains of cognition.

scholarly journals Creativity and the Social Brain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Personal Relevance ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
Creative Cognition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
Processing Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

The neuroscience of imagination has revealed extensive parallels between the brain correlates of creative cognition and those of social cognition. There is, however, scarcely any exchange of ideas between the different research communities that is aimed at understanding what such commonalities reveal. The evidence indicates that there are some fundamental similarities in very nature of the information processing mechanisms that underlie cognitive and social aspects of mental life that are customarily viewed to be quite distinct from one another. This chapter features reflections on these similarities by generating cross-connections between current knowledge on creative cognition and social cognition. Themes that are explored include candidate mechanisms of correspondences between creativity and social behaviour, such as the ‘intention to communicate’ (by means of expression), the ‘intention to understand’ (by means of inference and discovery), and the ‘personal relevance bias’ (by means of alertness to self-related salience and significance).

scholarly journals The Mimicry Among Us: Intra- and Inter-Personal Mechanisms of Spontaneous Mimicry

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Arnold ◽  
Piotr Winkielman
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Conceptual Information ◽  
Associative Processes ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
The Third ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract This review explores spontaneous mimicry in the context of three questions. The first question concerns the role of spontaneous mimicry in processing conceptual information. The second question concerns the debate whether spontaneous mimicry is driven by simple associative processes or reflects higher-order processes such as goals, intentions, and social context. The third question addresses the implications of these debates for understanding atypical individuals and states. We review relevant literature and argue for a dynamic, context-sensitive role of spontaneous mimicry in social cognition and behavior. We highlight how the modulation of mimicry is often adaptive but also point out some cases of maladaptive modulations that impair an individuals’ engagement in social life.

scholarly journals Predicting and Characterizing Neurodegenerative Subtypes with Multimodal Neurocognitive Signatures of Social and Cognitive Processes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Agustín Ibañez ◽  
Sol Fittipaldi ◽  
Catalina Trujillo ◽  
Tania Jaramillo ◽  
Alejandra Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Multiple Group ◽  
Dimensional Classification ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
Recognition Theory ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
The Brain

Background: Social cognition is critically compromised across neurodegenerative diseases, including the behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, no previous study has used social cognition and other cognitive tasks to predict diagnoses of these conditions, let alone reporting the brain correlates of prediction outcomes. Objective: We performed a diagnostic classification analysis using social cognition, cognitive screening (CS), and executive function (EF) measures, and explored which anatomical and functional networks were associated with main predictors. Methods: Multiple group discriminant function analyses (MDAs) and ROC analyses of social cognition (facial emotional recognition, theory of mind), CS, and EF were implemented in 223 participants (bvFTD, AD, PD, controls). Gray matter volume and functional connectivity correlates of top discriminant scores were investigated. Results: Although all patient groups revealed deficits in social cognition, CS, and EF, our classification approach provided robust discriminatory characterizations. Regarding controls, probabilistic social cognition outcomes provided the best characterization for bvFTD (together with CS) and PD, but not AD (for which CS alone was the best predictor). Within patient groups, the best MDA probabilities scores yielded high classification rates for bvFTD versus PD (98.3% , social cognition), AD versus PD (98.6% , social cognition + CS), and bvFTD versus AD (71.7% , social cognition + CS). Top MDA scores were associated with specific patterns of atrophy and functional networks across neurodegenerative conditions. Conclusion: Standardized validated measures of social cognition, in combination with cognitive screening, can provide a dimensional classification with specific pathophysiological markers of neurodegeneration diagnoses.

Puberty, Hormones, and the Social Brain

Coming of Age ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 69-95
Author(s):  
Cheryl L. Sisk ◽  
Russell D. Romeo
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Social Behaviors ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

This chapter begins with some history of the field of behavioral neuroendocrinology and traces the origins of the classic organizational-activational hypothesis to explain sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior and hormonal influences on sex-typical social behaviors. The classic hypothesis posits that testicular hormones masculinize and defeminize neural circuits during a perinatal sensitive period, programming sex-typical activational responses to gonadal hormones in adulthood. Research since the mid- to late 1980s shows that a second wave of hormone-dependent organization of the brain and behavior occurs during puberty and adolescence and that ovarian hormones are actively involved in feminization of the brain during the adolescent period of organization. Next, a conceptual framework is presented for studying adolescent development of social cognition (the mental processes by which an individual encodes, interprets, and responds to sensory information from an animal of the same species) in the context of social reorientation, when during adolescence the source of social reward shifts from family to peers. The chapter reviews the literature on what social behaviors and aspects of social cognition are organized by pubertal hormones in males, as well as the nonsocial behaviors that are organized by pubertal hormones in males and females.

Development of Reading Remediation for Dyslexic Individuals

2016 ◽  
Vol 224 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie Bédard ◽  
Line Laplante ◽  
Julien Mercier
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Educational Neuroscience ◽  
Reading Remediation ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Neurophysiological Data ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Brain

Abstract. Dyslexia is a phenomenon for which the brain correlates have been studied since the beginning of the 20th century. Simultaneously, the field of education has also been studying dyslexia and its remediation, mainly through behavioral data. The last two decades have seen a growing interest in integrating neuroscience and education. This article provides a quick overview of pertinent scientific literature involving neurophysiological data on functional brain differences in dyslexia and discusses their very limited influence on the development of reading remediation for dyslexic individuals. Nevertheless, it appears that if certain conditions are met – related to the key elements of educational neuroscience and to the nature of the research questions – conceivable benefits can be expected from the integration of neurophysiological data with educational research. When neurophysiological data can be employed to overcome the limits of using behavioral data alone, researchers can both unravel phenomenon otherwise impossible to document and raise new questions.

Review of Self-regulation of the Brain and Behavior.

1985 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 999-999
Author(s):  
Gerald S. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE SEVERE BRAIN AND PITUITARY LESION

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Bassøe ◽  
R. Emberland ◽  
E. Glück ◽  
K. F. Støa
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Artificial Ventilation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Adrenocortical Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Pituitary Lesion ◽  
Steroid Excretion ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT The steroid excretion and the plasma corticosteroids were investigated in three patients with necrosis of the brain and of the pituitary gland. The patients were kept alive by artificial ventilation. In two of the patients the neutral 17-ketosteroids and the 17-hydrocorticosteroids fell to extremely low levels. At the same time, the number of eosinophil cells showed a tendency to increase. Corticotrophin administered intravenously twice to the third patient had a stimulating effect on the adrenal cortex. The theoretical and practical significance of these findings is discussed.

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