Transient inhibition and long-term facilitation of locomotion by phasic optogenetic activation of serotonin neurons

Serotonin (5-HT) is associated with mood and motivation but the function of endogenous 5-HT remains controversial. Here, we studied the impact of phasic optogenetic activation of 5-HT neurons in mice over time scales from seconds to weeks. We found that activating dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) 5-HT neurons induced a strong suppression of spontaneous locomotor behavior in the open field with rapid kinetics (onset ≤1 s). Inhibition of locomotion was independent of measures of anxiety or motor impairment and could be overcome by strong motivational drive. Repetitive place-contingent pairing of activation caused neither place preference nor aversion. However, repeated 15 min daily stimulation caused a persistent increase in spontaneous locomotion to emerge over three weeks. These results show that 5-HT transients have strong and opposing short and long-term effects on motor behavior that appear to arise from effects on the underlying factors that motivate actions.

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COVID-19 and Sustainable Energy Development: Agendas for Future Research

Journal of Asian Energy Studies ◽

10.24112/jaes.040003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 20-25

Author(s):

Kevin Lo

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Energy ◽

Energy Development ◽

Future Research ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Development Agendas ◽

The Impact ◽

Key Questions

The COVID-19 pandemic is having a massive impact on and may fundamentally change the pathways and trajectories of sustainable energy development. This article examines the impact of COVID-19 on Asia’s sustainable energy development and proposes agendas for future energy research in response to the pandemic. The review and research agendas are oriented towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7), ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. The following three key questions need to be addressed by researchers: (1) In what ways does COVID-19 make sustainable energy development more important than ever? (2) What are the short- and long-term effects of COVID-19 on sustainable energy development? (3) How can responses to COVID-19 meet the objectives of sustainable energy development?

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Mood and emotional reactivity of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: short-term and long-term effects and the impact of social and socioeconomic stressors

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-90851-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kayla H. Green ◽

Suzanne van de Groep ◽

Sophie W. Sweijen ◽

Andrik I. Becht ◽

Moniek Buijzen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Emotional Reactivity ◽

Formative Period ◽

Maladaptive Behavior ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Daily Diary Study ◽

Adolescent Sample ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

The Impact

AbstractAdolescence is a formative period for socio-emotional development which is threatened by the COVID-19 pandemic. The current longitudinal study examined two aims: (1) the short- and long-term effects of the pandemic on young people’s mood (i.e. vigor, tension, and depression levels) and emotional reactivity (i.e. fluctuations in daily mood), and (2) the impact of stressors on mood, emotional reactivity, self-oriented (i.e. maladaptive behavior towards COVID-19 rules) and other-benefitting behaviors (i.e. behavior aimed at helping and comforting others). We conducted an online two-week daily diary study among 462 Dutch adolescents (Mage = 15.27 years, 64% females) and 371 young adults (Mage = 21.49 years, 81% females) in May 2020, with a follow-up in November 2020 (N = 238 and 231, respectively adolescents and young adults). In May 2020, young adults and older relative to younger adolescents showed higher levels and more fluctuations in tension and depression and lower levels of vigor. Vigor levels decreased and tension and depression levels increased between May 2020 and November 2020, especially for younger adolescents. There were positive associations between instability of negative emotions (i.e. tension and depression fluctuations) and the exposure to stressors (i.e. family stress and inequality of online homeschooling) in the adolescent sample. Together, this study demonstrates vulnerability regarding young people’s mood and emotional reactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for adolescents who experience more stressors.

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The Impact of Halfway Houses on Parole Success and Recidivism

Journal of Sociological Research ◽

10.5296/jsr.v6i2.8038 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 39 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. E. Costanza ◽

Stephen M. Cox ◽

John C. Kilburn

Keyword(s):

Correctional Facility ◽

Correctional Facilities ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Halfway House ◽

Halfway Houses ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

The Impact ◽

Matching Techniques ◽

Residential Programming

This article seeks to identify short and long term effects of halfway house completion on parole success and subsequent recidivism from a sample of offenders released from a northeastern state’s correctional facilities between 2004 and 2008. Using propensity score matching techniques, we compare parolees released to parole after successfully completing a residential treatment program to a matched group of parolees released directly into the community from a correctional facility. Analyses show that parolees who successfully complete a halfway house program are more likely to successfully complete parole but the effect on residential programming on long-term recidivism are negligible. Keywords: Alternative Corrections, Community Corrections, Halfway Houses, Parole, Recidivism

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Emotional Reactivity and Wellbeing of Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Short and Long Term Effects and The Impact of Social and Socioeconomic Stressors

10.31234/osf.io/kejtg ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kayla Green ◽

Suzanne van de Groep ◽

Sophie Sweijen ◽

Andrik Becht ◽

Moniek Buijzen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Emotional Reactivity ◽

Formative Period ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Daily Diary Study ◽

Adolescent Sample ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

The Impact

Adolescence is a formative period for socio-emotional development which is threatened by the COVID-19 pandemic. The current longitudinal study examined the impact of the pandemic on young people’s mood, emotional reactivity, and wellbeing (i.e., operationalized as balancing needs of self and others). Hence, we conducted an online two-week daily diary study among 462 Dutch adolescents (Mage = 15.27 years, 64% females) and 371 young adults (Mage = 21.49 years, 81% females) in May 2020, with a follow-up to study long-term effects in November 2020 (N = 238 and 231, respectively adolescents and young adults). In May 2020, young adults and older relative to younger adolescents showed higher levels and more fluctuations in tension and depression and lower levels of vigor. Vigor levels decreased and tension and depression levels increased between May 2020 and November 2020, especially for younger adolescents. A closer examination in the adolescent sample, revealed positive associations between instability of negative emotions (i.e. tension and depression fluctuations) and the exposure to social and socioeconomic stressors (i.e. family stress and inequality of online homeschooling). Together, this study demonstrates vulnerability regarding young people’s mood and emotional reactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for adolescents who experience more stressors.

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The impact of non-urologic drugs on sexual function in men

Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia ◽

10.4081/aiua.2014.1.50 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 50 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ferdinando Fusco ◽

Marco Franco ◽

Nicola Longo ◽

Alessandro Palmieri ◽

Vincenzo Mirone

Keyword(s):

Sexual Dysfunction ◽

Sexual Function ◽

Antihypertensive Drugs ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Physiological Mechanisms ◽

Single Drug ◽

Drug Classes ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

The Impact

Sexual dysfunctions have commonly been reported as the resulting side effects of many drugs. To understand the impact of a single drug, the mechanism of action of the most commonly prescribed drugs and the physiological mechanisms of sexual function have to be taken into dual consideration. Psychotropic drugs (Antidepressants, Antipsychotics and Antiepileptic) in particular result in both short and long-term effects on sexual function. Antihypertensive drugs have also produced evidence certifying their role in determining sexual dysfunction. Patients affected with sexual dysfunction are often aged and assume several drugs and, while Iatrogenic sexual dysfunction is prevalent in men, urological drugs are not the only drugs to be held accountable. Many different drugs acting on different sites and with several mechanisms of action can induce sexual dysfunction. The drug classes involved are widely diffused and frequently assumed in combination therapies.

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Impact

Organizing for Sustainability ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-78157-6_11 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 139-150

Author(s):

Jan Jonker ◽

Niels Faber

Keyword(s):

Business Model ◽

Building Block ◽

Raw Material ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Social Ecological ◽

Material Environment ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

The Impact ◽

Practical Feasibility

AbstractThis chapter unpacks the Impact building block. It seeks to determine the impact that your business model will have on the broader social, ecological, economic, and material environment. We think it is important to clarify the short- and long-term effects of your business model. Framing and defining this building block is often challenging. It can be defined in a general sense, but can also be focused on specific stakeholders, a raw material, or a specific context or a relevant combination of indicators. Indicators are also increasingly linked to measuring and reporting methods. We offer various methods to test the set of indicators and link them to reporting standards. Keep a keen eye on the practical feasibility, as well as the costs involved in measuring and reporting. Identifying proper and useful indicators and measuring and monitoring them are easier said than done. Whatever you do, stick to the motto Keep it Simple.

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An investigation of the promotion effects of uncertain level discount: evidence from China

Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics ◽

10.1108/apjml-05-2018-0191 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 957-979 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hongying Tan ◽

Umair Akram ◽

Yujia Sui

Keyword(s):

Perceived Quality ◽

Product Knowledge ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Information Process ◽

Content Type ◽

Influencing Mechanism ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

New Perspective ◽

The Impact

Purpose Uncertain level discount (ULD) is a type of promotion combining regular discount (RD) with uncertainty. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of ULD on consumers’ perceived quality compared with RD and to identify the relevant influencing mechanism and boundary for the effectiveness of ULD. Design/methodology/approach Three online experiments were conducted with 445 participants from China. First, experiment 1 compares the attractiveness of ULD and RD. Second, experiment 2 evaluates the impacts of ULD and RD on consumers’ perceived quality and clarifies the mechanism in this process. Finally, experiment 3 examines the moderating effect of product knowledge. Findings ULD has the same level of attractiveness as RD with equivalent expected discount value for consumers. Besides, consumers in ULD give higher ratings to product quality compared with those in RD, and the lower diagnosticity of price cues in ULD underlies the differential effects of ULD vs RD. Furthermore, product knowledge moderates the relationship between the two promotions and perceived quality. Practical implications The findings provide valuable guidance for managers to conduct promotional campaigns. ULD is an effective promotion to attract consumers to purchase with keeping consumers’ perceived quality high, and such effectiveness will rise for products that consumers are unfamiliar with. Managers can make rational use of ULD to achieve positive promotion results in both the short and long term. Originality/value Few studies pay attention to the long-term effects of the uncertain promotion. This research profoundly investigates the impact of ULD on perceived quality, which complements existing studies from a more integrated perspective that combines short- and long-term effects. Also, this research identifies the mechanism based on the cue diagnosticity theory and puts forward a new explanation for positive uncertainty in uncertain promotions. Finally, this research applies the impact of product knowledge on information process strategies into the uncertain promotion, which clarifies the utility boundary of ULD from a new perspective and offers a more comprehensive understanding for this promotion.

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The Impact of Divorce on Life-Span Development: Short and Long Term Effects

Life-Span Development and Behavior ◽

10.4324/9781315807584-11 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 125-170

Keyword(s):

Life Span ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Life Span Development ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

The Impact

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Short- and Long-Term Effects of a Tobacco-Free Executive Order on Employee Tobacco Use

Policy Politics & Nursing Practice ◽

10.1177/1527154419833174 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 74-81

Author(s):

Ellen J. Hahn ◽

Melinda J. Ickes ◽

Amanda Wiggins ◽

Mary Kay Rayens ◽

Bradley J. Polivka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

Executive Branch ◽

Executive Order ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Short Term ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

The Impact

Smoke-free workplace policies encourage cessation, reduce tobacco consumption, and shift the pro-tobacco norm. However, no research exists evaluating the impact of mandated tobacco-free policies on government property. The purpose of our study was to examine short- and long-term effects of a tobacco-free policy (executive order 2014-747) implemented in November 2014, prohibiting tobacco use on state executive property. Cross-sectional online surveys were administered at two time points to a total of 27,000 employees of the executive branch of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The short-term evaluation (March 2015) comprised 4,170 employees and the long term (August 2015) included 3,070. Tobacco use, plans to quit using tobacco, personal characteristics, whether the county of their workplace was covered by a smoke-free policy, and social norms for tobacco use were assessed 4- and 9-month post-policy implementation. Current tobacco use and plans to quit were compared between short- and long-term evaluations using multiple logistic regression with relevant covariates included. Controlling for demographics and employment location, employees reported lower rates of tobacco use and higher rates of planning to quit in the long term than in the short term. Tobacco-free policies reduce tobacco use prevalence and promote plans to quit, particularly over time. We found differences in tobacco use prevalence and plans to quit using tobacco products from 4 to 9 months after the policy took effect, as reported by employees following implementation of the tobacco-free policy. These findings support the potential for avoiding long-term health care costs as a result of reduced tobacco use from these policies. Nurses can play an important advocacy and policy evaluation role to promote and assess the impact of tobacco-free policies.

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