scholarly journals Optimal policy for attention-modulated decisions explains human fixation behavior

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Injoon Jang ◽  
Ravi Sharma ◽  
Jan Drugowitsch
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Visual Fixation ◽  
Optimal Model ◽  
Human Data ◽  
Decision Performance ◽  
Decision Making Model

Traditional accumulation-to-bound decision-making models assume that all choice options are processed with equal attention. In real life decisions, however, humans alternate their visual fixation between individual items to efficiently gather relevant information (Yang et al., 2016). These fixations also causally affect one's choices, biasing them toward the longer-fixated item (Krajbich et al., 2010). We derive a normative decision-making model in which attention enhances the reliability of information, consistent with neurophysiological findings (Cohen and Maunsell, 2009). Furthermore, our model actively controls fixation changes to optimize information gathering. We show that the optimal model reproduces fixation-related choice biases seen in humans and provides a Bayesian computational rationale for this phenomenon. This insight led to additional predictions that we could confirm in human data. Finally, by varying the relative cognitive advantage conferred by attention, we show that decision performance is benefited by a balanced spread of resources between the attended and unattended items.

scholarly journals Optimal policy for attention-modulated decisions explains human fixation behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Jang ◽  
Ravi Sharma ◽  
Jan Drugowitsch
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Decision Performance ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Behavioral Predictions ◽  
Decision Making Model ◽  
Fixation Bias

AbstractTraditional accumulation-to-bound decision-making models assume that all choice options are processed simultaneously with equal attention. In real life decisions, however, humans tend to alternate their visual fixation between individual items in order to efficiently gather relevant information [46, 23, 21, 12, 15]. These fixations also causally affect one’s choices, biasing them toward the longer-fixated item [38, 2, 25]. We derive a normative decision-making model in which fixating a choice item boosts information about that item. In contrast to previous models [25, 39], we assume that attention enhances the reliability of information rather than its magnitude, consistent with neurophysiological findings [3, 13, 29, 45]. Furthermore, our model actively controls fixation changes to optimize information gathering. We show that the optimal model reproduces fixation patterns and fixation-related choice biases seen in human decision-makers, and provides a Bayesian computational rationale for the fixation bias. This insight led to additional behavioral predictions that we confirmed in human behavioral data. Finally, we explore the consequences of changing the relative allocation of cognitive resources to the attended versus the unattended item, and show that decision performance is benefited by a more balanced spread of cognitive resources.

scholarly journals The Effect of Accounting Information and Organizational Culture on Decision Making

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 522-530
Author(s):  
Teresa Paulina Sihombing ◽  
Nasirwan Nasirwan ◽  
Chandra Situmeang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Catholic Education ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Education Foundations ◽  
Organizational Culture Theory ◽  
Decision Making Model

This study examines the educational foundation's organizational decision making model that is the influence of accounting information and organizational culture on decision making. This research is a quantitative study with descriptive and inferential analysis. The sample of this study was 72 Catholic education foundations in Indonesia, which were tested by Partial Least Square (PLS) based analysis and data processing methods with the Smart PLS 3.0 program. This study obtains some empirical evidence, namely, first, accounting information significantly influences decision making. These results are consistent with the theory that the main purpose of the foundation's financial statements is to provide relevant information to meet the foundation's internal and external interests to help decision makers make the best decisions for the organization. Second, organizational culture significantly influences decision making. This result is in line with organizational culture theory which states that organizational culture is a value that is used as a reference in all decisions and actions of members of the organization and that reflects the goals, identity, and standard of evaluation of everything in the organization. So it was concluded that the best decision was a decision made based on accounting information and organizational culture at a Catholic education foundation in Indonesia

Communication skills and tips for Part 3 MRCOG Examination

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Information Giving ◽  
Treatment Information

Good communication skills form a fundamental principle of the patient- centred clinical consultation. The new Part 3 of the MRCOG, assesses candidates based on their ability to apply the core clinical skills in the context of real- life scenarios. It assesses five core skills domains, with three relating to communication skills; i) Communicating with patients and their families, ii) Communicating with colleagues and iii) Information gathering. Communication skills in the Part 3 clinical assessment can be assessed in many forms: … ● Exploring patient symptoms or concerns (information gathering) ● Explaining a diagnosis, investigation or treatment (information giving) ● Involving the patient in a decision (shared decision making) ● Health promoting activities ● Obtaining informed consent for a procedure ● Breaking bad news ● Communicating with relatives ● Communicating with other members of the health care team … In order to provide patient- centred care, doctors must treat their patients as partners, involving them in the decision making regarding their care and instilling in them a sense of responsibility for their own health. When the patient feels that they are part of the team it increases their satisfaction with care, increases treatment adherence and improves clinical outcomes. It is these skills that are assessed in clinical assessment tasks involving communication. Clinical assessment candidates are often assessed in two communication domains; Process and Content. In order to do well in the information gathering stations, you must be aware of the differential diagnoses that may arise with various presentations and how to explore each one independently and as a collection. When it comes to information giving or shared decision marking, candidates need to be familiar with the most recent Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology guidelines and know how to interpret their meaning to the patient and their families. The Calgary- Cambridge Model is one of the most recognized communication theories in medical education (Kurtz, 1996). This theory can be adapted to fit into most clinical scenarios. Using the Calgary- Cambridge Model, you should be able to obtain the majority of the points related to process.

scholarly journals Exploring the Implementation of a Legal AI Bot for Sustainable Development in Legal Advisory Institutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 5991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juin-Hao Ho ◽  
Gwo-Guang Lee ◽  
Ming-Tsang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Multicriteria Decision Making ◽  
Life Issues ◽  
Network Process ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Decision Making Model

This study explores the implementation of legal artificial intelligence (AI) robot issues for sustainable development related to legal advisory institutions. While a legal advisory AI Bot using the unique arithmetic method of AI offers rules of convenient legal definitions, it has not been established whether users are ready to use one at legal advisory institutions. This study applies the MCDM (multicriteria decision-making) model DEMATEL (decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory)-based Analytical Network Process (ANP) with a modified VIKOR, to explore user behavior on the implementation of a legal AI bot. We first apply DEMATEL-based ANP, called influence weightings of DANP (DEMATEL-based ANP), to set up the complex adoption strategies via systematics and then to employ an M-VIKOR method to determine how to reduce any performance gaps between the ideal values and the existing situation. Lastly, we conduct an empirical case to show the efficacy and usefulness of this recommended integrated MCDM model. The findings are useful for identifying the priorities to be considered in the implementation of a legal AI bot and the issues related to enhancing its implementation process. Moreover, this research offers an understanding of users’ behaviors and their actual needs regarding a legal AI bot at legal advisory institutions. This research obtains the following results: (1) It effectively assembles a decision network of technical improvements and applications of a legal AI bot at legal advisory institutions and explains the feedbacks and interdependences of aspects/factors in real-life issues. (2) It describes how to vary effective results from the current alternative performances and situations into ideal values in order to fit the existing environments at legal advisory institutions with legal AI bot implementation.

scholarly journals A Fuzzy-Based Decision-Making Model for Improving the Carrying Capacity of Ship Locks: A Three Gorges Dam Case

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
Shaoyue Shi ◽  
Danhong Zhang ◽  
Yixin Su ◽  
Chengpeng Wan ◽  
Mingyang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Three Gorges Dam ◽  
Three Gorges ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Order Preference ◽  
Real Life Situation ◽  
Decision Making Model

This paper develops a decision-making model to assist the improvement of the carrying capacity of ship locks by combing fuzzy logic, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS). A three-level hierarchical structure is constructed to identify the key factors influencing the carrying capacity of ship locks from the aspects of ship locks, vessels, environment, and administration. On this basis, a series of targeted strategies have been put forward to improve the carrying capacity of ship locks, and the TOPSIS method is applied to rank these strategies in terms of their performance. A case study of the five-stage dual-track ship lock of the Three Gorges Dam in China has been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and rationality of the proposed model, and correlation analysis is conducted to verify the identified influencing factors in order to eliminate potential bias which may be generated from using AHP. The results obtained from the proposed methods are consistent with the real-life situation to a certain extent, indicating that the proposed method can provide a useful reference for improving the carrying capacity of ship locks.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Selection of Elective Courses: The Use of Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulsah Hancerliogullari Koksalmis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Elective Courses ◽  
Elective Course ◽  
Decision Making Model ◽  
Selection Of

Elective course selection has always been a serious and important decision making process for students in institutions.  The study of Multi Criteria Decision Making Model (MCDM) for the selection of elective course is put together with the aim of lending a helping hand to the students. It comprises the main MCDM methods, the problem of selecting an elective course, the survey about the problem, the method which is selected to be implemented, the implementation and the results. In this study, we determine the criteria of this problem for graduate students while deciding on the elective courses. A total of 13 different criteria have been established, including 5 main criteria. In this direction, a questionnaire study was conducted as required by the multi-criteria decision-making analysis method decided in the light of the examined articles. This survey study was answered by graduate students. The responses were evaluated by the "Super Decisions" program and priorities were determined using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The survey was applied to graduate students, and it was found that the two most important criteria of the graduate students were 28.03% of the curriculum and 20.42% of the faculty members. This study aims to prove a mathematical method for a real-life situation which can help people make their decisions accurately. It will help students who are indecisive and hesitates while selecting an elective course.

Relationships within the Fraud Diamond: The Decision Processes That Influence Fraudulent Intentions in Online Consumer Fraud

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Harrison ◽  
William N. Dilla ◽  
Brian E. Mennecke
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Online Consumer ◽  
Online Environments ◽  
Decision Making Model

ABSTRACT Online consumer fraud is a problem with significant consequences. While a substantial body of research examines the strategies used to defraud consumers in online environments, little is known about the decision processes that perpetrators follow before engaging in fraud. To address this issue, we develop an ethical decision-making model of online consumer fraud based on the fraud diamond. The model also includes anonymity, a key feature of online environments, which can influence sellers' ethical decision-making processes. We empirically evaluate the model first by asking participants to consider the misrepresentation of an asset's value in an online transaction, and then by having participants engage in a real-life version of that scenario. Results indicate that perceived anonymity affects the influences of capability, opportunity, and motivation on rationalization. Further, greater perceived anonymity increases the influence of rationalization on one's intent to act.

DECISION THEORY WITH IMPRECISE PROBABILITIES

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 271-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. ALIEV ◽  
W. PEDRYCZ ◽  
O. H. HUSEYNOV
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Theory ◽  
Utility Function ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Imprecise Probabilities ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Fuzzy Constraints ◽  
Decision Making Problem ◽  
Utility Models

There is an extensive literature on decision making under uncertainty. Unfortunately, up to date there are no valid decision principles. Experimental evidence has repeatedly shown that widely used principle of maximization of expected utility has serious shortcomings. Utility function and nonadditive measures used in nonexpected utility models are mainly considered as real-valued functions whereas in reality decision-relevant information is imprecise and therefore is described in natural language. This applies, in particular, to imprecise probabilities expressed by terms such as likely, unlikely, probable, etc. The principal objective of the paper is the development of computationally effective methods of decision making with imprecise probabilities. We present representation theorems for a nonexpected fuzzy utility function under imprecise probabilities. We develop an effective decision theory when the environment of fuzzy events, fuzzy states, fuzzy relations and fuzzy constraints are characterized by imprecise probabilities. The suggested methodology is applied for a real-life decision-making problem.

scholarly journals Association Rules as a Decision Making Model in the Textile Industry

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Višnja Istrat ◽  
Nenad Lalić
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Association Rules ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Apriori Algorithm ◽  
East Europe ◽  
South East Europe ◽  
Sales Process ◽  
Decision Making Model

Sales process disfunctions in the textile industry are problems that cause loss of customers, incomplete market supply, etc. The objective of the research is to analyse transactions from the textile industry database in order to find patterns in buyers’ behavior and improve the model of decision-making. Association rules, one of the most noticeable data mining techniques, is used as methodology to learn rules and market patterns that occur in sales in the textile industry, which will enhance the decision-making process, by making it more effective and efficient. The Apriori algorithm was applied and open source software Orange was used. It has been shown using a real-life dataset containing 2000 transactions from the textile industry of the South East Europe region that the approach proposed is useful in discovering effective knowledge in data associated with sales. The study reports new interesting rules and the dependence of the following parameters: Support, Confidence, Lift and Leverage on making more customized offers in the textile industry.

scholarly journals PREFERENCE SIMILARITY NETWORK CLUSTERING CONSENSUS GROUP DECISION MAKING MODEL IN ANALYSING CONSUMERS’ REVIEWS AND SELECTING SAMPLES OF PRODUCT

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 635
Author(s):  
Nor Hanimah Kamis ◽  
Nur Syahera Ishak
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Network Clustering ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Similarity Network ◽  
Consensus Group ◽  
Real Life Situation ◽  
Decision Making Model

In recent years, the integration of notions from Social Network Analysis (SNA) into decision making context is rapidly increased. One of the feasible procedures is Preference Similarity Network Clustering Consensus Group Decision Making model, where it is capable to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of decision making process. We utilize this approach in analysing consumers’ reviews and selecting the best sample of laboratory products. This is the first effort of applying this model in real life situation. The referred approach is capable of  measuring the similarity of consumers’ reviews, visualize their similarities in the form of network structure, partition them into subgroups, measure their group consensus level and select the best sample of product. The obtained results provide essential information to the laboratory, manufacturer or a company to improve the quality of product and further plan on the marketing strategy, advertisement and research development. Generally, this model can be used as an alternative tool in solving decision making problems, especially in analysing reviews and selection of alternatives.

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