scholarly journals Understanding the evolution of multiple drug resistance in structured populations

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
David V McLeod ◽  
Sylvain Gandon
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Drug Prescription ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Dynamical Equations

The evolution of multidrug resistance (MDR) is a pressing public health concern. Yet many aspects, such as the role played by population structure, remain poorly understood. Here we argue that studying MDR evolution by focusing upon the dynamical equations for linkage disequilibrium (LD) can greatly simplify the calculations, generate more insight, and provide a unified framework for understanding the role of population structure. We demonstrate how a general epidemiological model of MDR evolution can be recast in terms of the LD equations. These equations reveal how the different forces generating and propagating LD operate in a dynamical setting at both the population and metapopulation levels. We then apply these insights to show how the LD perspective: (i) explains equilibrium patterns of MDR, (ii) provides a simple interpretative framework for transient evolutionary dynamics, and (iii) can be used to assess the consequences of different drug prescription strategies for MDR evolution.

scholarly journals Understanding the evolution of multiple drug resistance in structured populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David V. McLeod ◽  
Sylvain Gandon
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Drug Prescription ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Dynamical Equations

AbstractThe evolution of multidrug resistance (MDR) is a pressing public health concern. Yet many aspects, such as the role played by population structure, remain poorly understood. Here we argue that studying MDR evolution by focusing upon the dynamical equations for linkage disequilibrium (LD) can greatly simplify the calculations, generate more insight, and provide a unified framework for understanding the role of population structure. We demonstrate how a general epidemiological model of MDR evolution can be recast in terms of the LD equations. These equations reveal how the different forces generating and propagating LD operate in a dynamical setting at both the population and metapopulation levels. We then apply these insights to show how the LD perspective: (i) explains equilibrium patterns of MDR, (ii) provides a simple interpretative framework for transient evolutionary dynamics, and (iii) can be used to assess the consequences of different drug prescription strategies for MDR evolution.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of Biofilm Forming Non Typhoidal Salmonella enterica Isolates from Poultry and Its Associated Food Products from Pakistan

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 785
Author(s):  
Abubakar Siddique ◽  
Sara Azim ◽  
Amjad Ali ◽  
Saadia Andleeb ◽  
Aitezaz Ahsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Salmonella Spp

Salmonellosis caused by non-typhoidal Salmonellaenterica from poultry products is a major public health concern worldwide. This study aimed at estimating the pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance in S. enterica isolates obtained from poultry birds and their food products from different areas of Pakistan. In total, 95/370 (25.67%) samples from poultry droppings, organs, eggs, and meat were positive for Salmonella. The isolates were further identified through multiplex PCR (mPCR) as Salmonella Typhimurium 14 (14.7%), Salmonella Enteritidis 12 (12.6%), and other Salmonella spp. 69 (72.6%). The phenotypic virulence properties of 95 Salmonella isolates exhibited swimming and/or swarming motility 95 (100%), DNA degrading activity 93 (97.8%), hemolytic activity 92 (96.8%), lipase activity 87 (91.6%), and protease activity 86 (90.5%). The sopE virulence gene known for conferring zoonotic potential was detected in S. Typhimurium (92.8%), S. Enteritidis (100%), and other Salmonella spp. (69.5%). The isolates were further tested against 23 antibiotics (from 10 different antimicrobial groups) and were found resistant against fifteen to twenty-one antibiotics. All isolates showed multiple drug resistance and were found to exhibit a high multiple antibiotic-resistant (MAR) index of 0.62 to 0.91. The strong biofilm formation at 37 °C reflected their potential adherence to intestinal surfaces. There was a significant correlation between antimicrobial resistance and the biofilm formation potential of isolates. The resistance determinant genes found among the isolated strains were blaTEM-1 (59.3%), blaOxA-1 (18%), blaPSE-1 (9.5%), blaCMY-2 (43%), and ampC (8.3%). The detection of zoonotic potential MDR Salmonella in poultry and its associated food products carrying cephalosporin and quinolone resistance genes presents a major threat to the poultry industry and public health.

Role of integrons in the proliferation of multiple drug resistance in selected bacteria occurring in poultry production

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-131
Author(s):  
P. Racewicz ◽  
M. Majewski ◽  
Z. E. Madeja ◽  
A. Łukomska ◽  
M. Kubiak
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Poultry Production

scholarly journals Role of NADPH Phagocyte Oxidase in Host Defense against Acute Respiratory Acinetobacter baumannii Infection in Mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 1015-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyu Qiu ◽  
Rhonda KuoLee ◽  
Greg Harris ◽  
Wangxue Chen
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Phagocyte Oxidase ◽  
Bacterial Replication

ABSTRACT Acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging bacterial pathogen that rapidly develops multiple-drug resistance and is responsible for many nosocomial pulmonary infections. This study investigated the role of the NADPH phagocyte oxidase (phox) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) in the host defense against respiratory infection with A. baumannii in mouse models of intranasal A. baumannii infection. gp91phox−/− mice showed higher susceptibility to A. baumannii infection than wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, with significantly greater bacterial counts in their lungs (1,000-fold) (P < 0.005) and spleens (10-fold) (P < 0.05). Moreover, all of the gp91phox−/− mice succumbed to infection within 48 h. In contrast, only a moderate increase in bacterial burdens was detected in the lungs of NOS2−/− mice, and all NOS2−/− mice survived infection. Compared to WT mice, the pulmonary influx of inflammatory cells and serum and local inflammatory cytokine/chemokine responses were not obviously impaired at 4 h and were significantly higher at 24 h (P < 0.05) in gp91phox−/− mice, but NADPH-deficient neutrophils were unable to control bacterial replication and extrapulmonary dissemination. Thus, NADPH phagocyte oxidase appears to play a crucial role in the neutrophil-mediated host defense against A. baumannii.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of Salmonella Infantis with Multiple Drug Resistance Profiles Isolated from a Poultry-Farm in Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2370
Author(s):  
Coral Pardo-Esté ◽  
Diego Lorca ◽  
Juan Castro-Severyn ◽  
Gabriel Krüger ◽  
Luis Alvarez-Thon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Line ◽  
Core Genome ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Important Health

Salmonella comprises over 2500 serotypes and foodborne contamination associated with this pathogen remains an important health concern worldwide. During the last decade, a shift in serotype prevalence has occurred as traditionally less prevalent serotypes are increasing in frequency of infections, especially those related to poultry meat contamination. S. Infantis is one of the major emerging serotypes, and these strains commonly display antimicrobial resistance and can persist despite cleaning protocols. Thus, this work aimed to isolate S. Infantis strains from a poultry meat farm in Santiago, Chile and to characterize genetic variations present in them. We determined their genomic and phenotypic profiles at different points along the production line. The results indicate that the strains encompass 853 polymorphic sites (core-SNPs) with isolates differing from one another by 0–347 core SNPs, suggesting variation among them; however, we found discrete correlations with the source of the sample in the production line. Furthermore, the pan-genome was composed of 4854 total gene clusters of which 2618 (53.9%) corresponds to the core-genome and only 181 (3.7%) are unique genes (those present in one particular strain). This preliminary analysis will enrich the surveillance of Salmonella, yet further studies are required to assess their evolution and phylogeny.

Role of the MDR-1-Encoded Multiple Drug Resistance Phenotype in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines

1993 ◽  
Vol 150 (5 Part 1) ◽  
pp. 1544-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Theyer ◽  
Marion Schirmböck ◽  
Therese Thalhammer ◽  
Edward R. Sherwood ◽  
Gerhard Baumgartner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Prostate Cancer Cell ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Prostate Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Mdr 1

scholarly journals Role of a large plasmid of Salmonella typhi encoding multiple drug resistance

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Karmaker ◽  
D. Biswas ◽  
N. M. Shaikh ◽  
S. K. Chatterjee ◽  
V. K. Kataria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Large Plasmid

scholarly journals Plasmid profile and drug resistance pattern of zoonotic Salmonella isolates from Indian buffaloes

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (08) ◽  
pp. 477-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhoj Raj Singh ◽  
Meenu Agarwal ◽  
Mudit Chandra ◽  
Meena Verma ◽  
Gautam Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Plasmid Profile ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Buffalo Meat ◽  
Drug Resistance Pattern

Background: Buffalo is the major source of animal protein in south-east Asia, including India; therefore, the presence of multiple drug resistance in Salmonella strains of buffalo meat and milk products is of immense public health concern. Methodology: Forty-six strains of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica  belonging to eight serovars (S. Anatum, 13; S. Weltevreden, 13; S. Rostock, 6; S. Typhimurium, 5; S. Gallinarum, 5; S. Stockholm, 1; S. Dublin, 1; and S. Orion, 2), isolated from buffalo meat and diseased buffaloes were studied for their antibiotic sensitivity and plasmid profile. Results: All except six strains of Salmonella had one or more plasmids. Virulence plasmid of ~35MdA was present in 39 isolates while 19 strains had one to six additional plasmids with molecular weight ranging from 1 Mda > 35 Mda. A plasmid-free S. Anatum strain was resistant to seven drugs including fluoroquinolones, while strains having six to seven plasmids were resistant to fewer antimicrobial drugs. One S. Anatum isolate, resistant to 11 antibiotics, had only one plasmid. Eight serovars of Salmonella could be divided into 28 resistotypes on the basis of antimicrobial sensitivity assay. Most strains were resistant to streptomycin (84.8%) followed by kanamycin (58.7%), gentamicin (52.2%), ampicillin (50%) and oxytetracycline (50%). Few strains were resistant to cefotaxime (2.2%), amoxycillin (2.2%) and newer fluoroquinolones (6.5%). Conclusion: Multiple drug resistance was common among Salmonella isolates of buffalo origin, particularly against aminoglycosides, oxytetracycin, ampicillin and cephalexin. Presence of plasmids is not mandatory for occurrence of multiple drug resistance in S. enterica strains.

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