scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics of circular RNAs in primates

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Santos-Rodriguez ◽  
Irina Voineagu ◽  
Robert James Weatheritt
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Primate Evolution ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Organ Type ◽  
Species Specific

Many primate genes produce circular RNAs (circRNAs). However, the extent of circRNA conservation between closely related species remains unclear. By comparing tissue-specific transcriptomes across over 70 million years of primate evolution, we identify that within 3 million years circRNA expression profiles diverged such that they are more related to species identity than organ type. However, our analysis also revealed a subset of circRNAs with conserved neural expression across tens of millions of years of evolution. By comparing to species-specific circRNAs, we identified that the downstream intron of the conserved circRNAs display a dramatic lengthening during evolution due to the insertion of novel retrotransposons. Our work provides comparative analyses of the mechanisms promoting circRNAs to generate increased transcriptomic complexity in primates.

scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics of circular RNAs in primates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Santos-Rodriguez ◽  
Irina Voineagu ◽  
Robert James Weatheritt
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Primate Evolution ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Organ Type

Many primate genes produce noncoding circular RNAs (circRNAs). However, the extent of circRNA conservation between closely related species remains unclear. By comparing tissue specific transcriptomes across over 70 million years of primate evolution, we identify that within 3 million years circRNA expression profiles diverged such that they are more related to species identity than organ type. However, our analysis also revealed a subset of circRNAs with conserved neural expression across tens of millions of years of evolution. These circRNAs are defined by an extended downstream intron that has shown dramatic lengthening during evolution due to the insertion of novel retrotransposons. Our work provides comparative analyses of the mechanisms promoting circRNAs to generate increased transcriptomic complexity in primates.

scholarly journals Repeated evolution of asymmetric genitalia and right-sided mating behavior in theDrosophila nannopteraspecies group

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Acurio ◽  
Flor T. Rhebergen ◽  
Sarah Paulus ◽  
Virginie Courtier-Orgogozo ◽  
Michael Lang
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Genital Morphology ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Outgroup Species ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Drosophila Pachea ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Group Species

AbstractBackgroundMale genitals have repeatedly evolved left-right asymmetries, and the causes of such evolution remain unclear. TheDrosophila nannopteragroup contains four species, among which three exhibit left-right asymmetries of distinct genital organs. In the most studied species,Drosophila pachea, males display asymmetric genital lobes and they mate right-sided on top of the female. Copulation position of the other species is unknown.ResultsTo assess whether the evolution of genital asymmetry could be linked to the evolution of one-sided mating, we examined phallus morphology and copulation position inD. pacheaand closely related species. The phallus was found to be symmetric in all investigated species exceptD. pachea, which display an asymmetric phallus with a right-sided gonopore, andD. acanthoptera, which harbor an asymmetrically bent phallus. In all examined species, males were found to position themselves symmetrically on top of the female, except inD. pacheaandD. nannoptera, where males mated right-sided, in distinctive, species-specific positions. In addition, the copulation duration was found to be increased innannopteragroup species compared to closely related outgroup species.ConclusionOur study shows that gains, and possibly losses, of asymmetry in genital morphology and mating position have evolved repeatedly in thenannopteragroup. Current data does not allow us to conclude whether genital asymmetry has evolved in response to changes in mating position, or vice versa.

scholarly journals Variable Rates of Simple Satellite Gains across the Drosophila Phylogeny

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin H -C Wei ◽  
Sarah E Lower ◽  
Ian V Caldas ◽  
Trevor J S Sless ◽  
Daniel A Barbash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Single Mutation ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Limited Sampling ◽  
Drosophila Phylogeny ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Turn Over

Abstract Simple satellites are tandemly repeating short DNA motifs that can span megabases in eukaryotic genomes. Because they can cause genomic instability through nonallelic homologous exchange, they are primarily found in the repressive heterochromatin near centromeres and telomeres where recombination is minimal, and on the Y chromosome, where they accumulate as the chromosome degenerates. Interestingly, the types and abundances of simple satellites often vary dramatically between closely related species, suggesting that they turn over rapidly. However, limited sampling has prevented detailed understanding of their evolutionary dynamics. Here, we characterize simple satellites from whole-genome sequences generated from males and females of nine Drosophila species, spanning 40 Ma of evolution. We show that PCR-free library preparation and postsequencing GC-correction better capture satellite quantities than conventional methods. We find that over half of the 207 simple satellites identified are species-specific, consistent with previous descriptions of their rapid evolution. Based on a maximum parsimony framework, we determined that most interspecific differences are due to lineage-specific gains. Simple satellites gained within a species are typically a single mutation away from abundant existing satellites, suggesting that they likely emerge from existing satellites, especially in the genomes of satellite-rich species. Interestingly, unlike most of the other lineages which experience various degrees of gains, the lineage leading up to the satellite-poor D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis appears to be recalcitrant to gains, providing a counterpoint to the notion that simple satellites are universally rapidly evolving.

Altitudinal Variation in, and Morphological Divergence between, Three Related Species of Grasshopper, Praxibulus sp., Kosciuscola cognatus and K. usitatus (Orthoptera:Acrididae)

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Campbell ◽  
JM Dearn
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Altitudinal Variation ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Parallel Change ◽  
Variable Character ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Approach ◽  
Species Specific

Morphological variation between and within the closely related species Praxibuius sp.. Kosciuscola cognatus and K. usiratus has been examined along three independent altitudinal transects, by a multivariate statistical approach. The analyses, which were restricted to males. show that there is complete morphological separation between the three species. Moreover. there are species-specific patterns of character correlation which are consistent and relatively invariant within species, and do not exhibit altitudinal variation. The results suggest that there exist both distinct invariant species-specific character patterns and variable character patterns showing intraspecific variation. It is concluded that speciation in these grasshoppers could have involved genetic changes quite distinct from those involved in local intraspecific adaptation. Two further results are: first. evidence has been obtained for character displacement between Kosciuscola cognaius and Praxibulus sp. in an area of extensive sympatry: second. populations of K. cognatus along one transect, with a karyotype intermediate between typical K. cognatus and X usiiatus, show a parallel change in morphology towards that characteristic of K. usiiatus.

Review of the leafhopper genus Anaceratagallia Zachvatkin, 1946 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae: Agalliini) from Russia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4821 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-276
Author(s):  
DMITRI YU. TISHECHKIN
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Allopatric Speciation ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
Male Calling ◽  
Species Specific

In Russia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia the genus Anaceratagallia includes 14 species from two subgenera; all species except one belong to the nominotypical subgenus and can be classified into four groups according to the structure of male genitalia. The illustrated descriptions for all species are given, with male calling signal oscillograms provided for nine species. Ten new synonyms are established. Comparative investigation of morphological and acoustic characters of Anaceratagallia species showed that small differences in the structure of male genitalia and 2nd abdominal apodemes are not species-specific traits. All species studied in nature appeared to be polyphagous feeding on different species of herbaceous dicotyledons. It is assumed that closely related species within each group of the subgenus Anaceratagallia arose as a result of allopatric speciation and became secondarily sympatric due to subsequent range expansions.

scholarly journals Different functions for homologous serotonergic interneurons and serotonin in species-specific rhythmic behaviours

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1654) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M Newcomb ◽  
Paul S Katz
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Serotonin Antagonist ◽  
Tritonia Diomedea ◽  
Specific Behaviour ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Closely related species can exhibit different behaviours despite homologous neural substrates. The nudibranch molluscs Tritonia diomedea and Melibe leonina swim differently, yet their nervous systems contain homologous serotonergic neurons. In Tritonia , the dorsal swim interneurons (DSIs) are members of the swim central pattern generator (CPG) and their neurotransmitter serotonin is both necessary and sufficient to elicit a swim motor pattern. Here it is shown that the DSI homologues in Melibe , the cerebral serotonergic posterior-A neurons ( Ce SP-As), are extrinsic to the swim CPG, and that neither the Ce SP-As nor their neurotransmitter serotonin is necessary for swim motor pattern initiation, which occurred when the Ce SP-As were inactive. Furthermore, the serotonin antagonist methysergide blocked the effects of both the serotonin and Ce SP-As but did not prevent the production of a swim motor pattern. However, the Ce SP-As and serotonin could influence the Melibe swim circuit; depolarization of a cerebral serotonergic posterior-A was sufficient to initiate a swim motor pattern and hyperpolarization of a Ce SP-A temporarily halted an ongoing swim motor pattern. Serotonin itself was sufficient to initiate a swim motor pattern or make an ongoing swim motor pattern more regular. Thus, evolution of species-specific behaviour involved alterations in the functions of identified homologous neurons and their neurotransmitter.

scholarly journals Recent Insights into Mechanisms of Genome Size Change in Plants

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corrinne E. Grover ◽  
Jonathan F. Wendel
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Size Change ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Genome Size Evolution ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Recent Developments

Genome sizes vary considerably across all eukaryotes and even among closely related species. The genesis and evolutionary dynamics of that variation have generated considerable interest, as have the patterns of variation themselves. Here we review recent developments in our understanding of genome size evolution in plants, drawing attention to the higher order processes that can influence the mechanisms generating changing genome size.

scholarly journals Identification of CITES-Listed Euphorbia royleana through DNA Barcoding Technology: A New Facet in Wildlife Forensics

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-272
Author(s):  
Mukesh Thakar ◽  
Tina Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Wildlife Forensics ◽  
Interspecific Genetic Distance ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Endangered Status ◽  
Discrimination Method

Disorganized and chaotic collection of the Euphorbia plant species from the wild is one of the major reasons for its endangered status. According to CITES, the trade in Euphorbia royleana species is prohibited under Appendix II. However, the trade continues unabated as current identification methods do not discriminate between closely related species.  In the present study, a DNA barcoding method has been used to establish inter- and intra-specific divergences of both matK and rbcL regions by using pairwise genetic distance measurement methods for evaluating the maximum barcoding gap. The matk and rbcL yielded a 100% amplification and sequencing success rate to distinguish closely related species of Euphorbia royleana unambiguously. The matk and rbcL showed average interspecific genetic distance divergence values of 0.031and 0.015, respectively. The maximum number of species-specific SNPs was observed in matK sequences at seven consecutive sites, which could distinguish Euphorbia royleana from closely related species.  The best candidate barcoding region to identify Euphorbia royleana was found to be matK with a single-locus barcoding approach. Furthermore, the species discrimination method was developed with the help of species-specific SNPs derived from the matK barcoding region to accurately authenticate Euphorbia royleana, and it provided 100% species resolution

scholarly journals Hybridization between Cutthroat and Rainbow Trout: Evidence from Biochemical Genetic Loci

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 108-112
Author(s):  
Eric Loudenslager ◽  
G. Gall
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Isolating Mechanisms ◽  
Biochemical Genetic ◽  
Salmo Clarki

Cutthroat, Salmo clarki, and rainbow, Salmo gairdneri, trout are largely allopatric, closely related species. Where naturally sympatric ecological isolating mechanisms maintain species identity. However, the inland subspecies of cutthroat trout which did not evolve in sympatry with rainbows are thought to freely hybridize with rainbow trout which have been introduced for recreational purposes. Because of the mass introductions of rainbow trout fish managers have become increasingly concerned about the purity of the dwindling stocks of native cutthroats.

ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS OF EGG PROTEINS FROM SEVERAL INSECT TAXA

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (12) ◽  
pp. 1256-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Salkeld
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Congeneric Species ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Egg Protein ◽  
Family Resemblances ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractEgg-protein patterns from 23 insect species representing seven orders were obtained by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The patterns were species specific and highly reproducible. Those for congeneric species were very similar and family resemblances were apparent. The usefulness of egg-protein patterns in phylogenetic studies and in the analysis of closely related species was suggested.

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