scholarly journals Investigating disagreement in the scientific literature

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wout S Lamers ◽  
Kevin Boyack ◽  
Vincent Larivière ◽  
Cassidy R Sugimoto ◽  
Nees Jan van Eck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
English Language ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Scientific Texts ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
The Social

Disagreement is essential to scientific progress but the extent of disagreement in science, its evolution over time, and the fields in which it happens remain poorly understood. Here we report the development of an approach based on cue phrases that can identify instances of disagreement in scientific articles. These instances are sentences in an article that cite other articles. Applying this approach to a collection of more than four million English-language articles published between 2000 and 2015 period, we determine the level of disagreement in five broad fields within the scientific literature (biomedical and health sciences; life and earth sciences; mathematics and computer science; physical sciences and engineering; and social sciences and humanities) and 817 meso-level fields. Overall, the level of disagreement is highest in the social sciences and humanities, and lowest in mathematics and computer science. However, there is considerable heterogeneity across the meso-level fields, revealing the importance of local disciplinary cultures and the epistemic characteristics of disagreement. Analysis at the level of individual articles reveals notable episodes of disagreement in science, and illustrates how methodological artifacts can confound analyses of scientific texts.

Research Facilities in Iran

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Rouhollah K. Ramazani
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Standard Testing ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
New Research ◽  
Research Facilities

The appearance of new research facilities, as the spread of the very notion of modern research, is a recent development in Iranian society. In contrast with the social sciences and humanities, the physical sciences probably can show more extensive research facilities, as evidenced by the visible array of modern facilities ranging from spectrophotometers, chromatographic units, polarizing microscopes to electronic microscopes in addition to a growing number of libraries and laboratories. This article, however, is not concerned with research facilities in the physical sciences, even if some of these are of indirect interest to researchers in the social sciences. Nor will this article treat certain other facilities which may be of more direct interest to some social scientists, such as industrial research laboratories and standard testing laboratories. The scope of this article is limited to research facilities in the social sciences and humanities, but even in this limited area it is merely a preliminary study. This article will attempt (1) to identify the major research facilities in the social sciences and humanities; (2) to indicate broadly the overall research atmosphere in Iran today; and (3) to note a few practical points, hopefully useful to interested researchers.

Multilingual Scholars’ Experiences in Publishing in the Social Sciences and Humanities

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 248-272
Author(s):  
Basim Alamri
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
English Language ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scholarly Journals ◽  
Writing For Publication ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Multilingual Scholars

Multilingual scholars in the social sciences and humanities at universities in Saudi Arabia face challenges to publishing in international English-language scholarly journals. This study aims to investigate their attitudes and needs and the obstacles they encounter. It also explores how deans of scientific research respond to scholars’ obstacles and needs. The study takes a mixed-methods approach, with a questionnaire and interviews with faculty and deans at Saudi universities. The faculty members’ interest in conducting research and publishing is lower than their estimation of the importance of these activities. They reported barriers to research and publication, chiefly a lack of funding and a lack of time. They also expressed a need for training in disciplinary writing for publication purposes. Finally, the deans of scientific research described various initiatives at their universities for assisting faculty with research and writing. The study ends with suggestions for what Saudi universities could do to help increase the number of publications by their faculty.

The construction of icons as a means of access to the social representation of culture

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Galli ◽  
Roberto Fasanelli ◽  
Emanuele Schember
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Data Production ◽  
And Gender

The purpose of this study is to identify the structural elements—and their interrelations—of social representations of culture, circulating among university students. This approach has been employed by many researchers to provide a first level of exploration in terms of descriptions, evaluations, information, and prototypes related to the object of representation. The aim is also to explore if these social representations are different, starting from specific variables, mainly data production context and gender. The sample is made of 620 students (average age of 22) balanced on gender and discipline (physical sciences and engineering, social sciences and humanities, life sciences). We chose a quali-quantitative approach using an ad hoc questionnaire based on the Prototypical Stimuli. In particular, we asked the participants to choose from 18 social constructed (in a pilot study) icons of culture, the five prototypical ones. Then we asked them to write an explanation on the choice of each icon they selected and in the end to classify those icons in order of importance. The collected data were analyzed using the Hierarchical Evocations Technique. Results show the existence of hegemonic representations of culture, shared by all the participants. The theoretical and methodological implications will be presented and discussed.

An innovative IDEA: a review of the International Dialects of English Archive

English Today ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-64
Author(s):  
Nicole Hodges Persley
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
International Business ◽  
English Language ◽  
Spoken English ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Culture Influence ◽  
Innovative Idea ◽  
On Line ◽  
English Speaking

The IDEA (International Dialects of English Archive) site has been on-line since 1997 and began as a resource developed to teach actors how to pronounce various accents and dialects of English. Created by theater scholar and dialect coach Paul Meier, the new site has expanded its already fantastic variety of information. The site's new navigation features include a searchable database and a global map that make it very accessible to specialists and non–specialists of English. Performers around the world (the site has over one million hits a year) use the site to research accents and dialects for English-speaking performances. IDEA's audience has expanded beyond theater professionals to users in academe in the social sciences and humanities as well as international business. The site is also relevant for anyone who has an interest in the ways that location and culture influence the spoken English language.

scholarly journals A shared European research space for the social sciences and humanities? English language publishing and the use of European journals

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Joshua Eykens ◽  
Raf Guns ◽  
Hanna-Mari Puuska ◽  
Janne Pölönen ◽  
Tim C. E. Engels
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
English Language ◽  
European Research ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
The Social

Women break down the barriers to the Vietnamese social sciences and humanities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan-Hoang Vuong
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Middle Income Country ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Income Country ◽  
The West ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Valian rightly made a case for better recognition of women in science during the Nobel week in October 2018 (Valian, 2018). However, it seems most published views about gender inequality in Nature focused on the West. This correspondence shifts the focus to women in the social sciences and humanities (SSH) in a low- and middle-income country (LMIC).

scholarly journals Post-Islamism and Intellectual Production: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Evolution of Contemporary Islamic Thought

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Mohamed Amine Brahimi ◽  
Houssem Ben Lazreg
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Scientific Field ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Islamic Reform ◽  
The Social ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
Thinking Differently ◽  
Intellectual Production ◽  
Representative Samples

The advent of the 1990s marked, among other things, the restructuring of the Muslim world in its relation to Islam. This new context has proved to be extremely favorable to the emergence of scholars who define themselves as reformists or modernists. They have dedicated themselves to reform in Islam based on the values of peace, human rights, and secular governance. One can find an example of this approach in the works of renowned intellectuals such as Farid Esack, Mohamed Talbi, or Mohamed Arkoun, to name a few. However, the question of Islamic reform has been debated during the 19th and 20th centuries. This article aims to comprehend the historical evolution of contemporary reformist thinkers in the scientific field. The literature surrounding these intellectuals is based primarily on content analysis. These approaches share a type of reading that focuses on the interaction and codetermination of religious interpretations rather than on the relationships and social dynamics that constitute them. Despite these contributions, it seems vital to question this contemporary thinking differently: what influence does the context of post-Islamism have on the emergence of this intellectual trend? What connections does it have with the social sciences and humanities? How did it evolve historically? In this context, the researchers will analyze co-citations in representative samples to illustrate the theoretical framework in which these intellectuals are located, and its evolution. Using selected cases, this process will help us to both underline the empowerment of contemporary Islamic thought and the formation of a real corpus of works seeking to reform Islam.

scholarly journals Subaltern Debris: Archaeology and Marginalized Communities

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Beatriz Marín-Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Patricia Hill Collins ◽  
Definition Of

Archaeologists, like many other scholars in the Social Sciences and Humanities, are particularly concerned with the study of past and present subalterns. Yet the very concept of ‘the subaltern’ is elusive and rarely theorized in archaeological literature, or it is only mentioned in passing. This article engages with the work of Gramsci and Patricia Hill Collins to map a more comprehensive definition of subalternity, and to develop a methodology to chart the different ways in which subalternity is manifested and reproduced.

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