scholarly journals An argument for phrasal spell-out: Indefinites and interrogatives in Spanish

Nordlyd ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. pp ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Fábregas
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Indefinite Pronouns

<!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Vanlig tabell"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} > <! [endif] > <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">In this article we will provide evidence in favour of Phrasal Spell Out (PSO), a procedure of lexical insertion where non-terminal nodes in a tree configuration can be targeted by spell-out. We will propose that the formal differences between two Spanish indefinite pronouns, <em>alguien</em> and <em>alguno</em>, can be captured if the morpheme <em>-ien</em> is analyzed as a lexical item which corresponds to a syntactic phrase; this phrase, crucially, is broken in the presence of a plural number projection. Independent properties of the internal syntactic structure of the interrogative make the lexical item <em>-ien</em> compatible with plural in that configuration.</span><-->

scholarly journals Directional expressions cross-linguistically: Nanosyntax and lexicalization

Nordlyd ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. pp
Author(s):  
Marina Pantcheva
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Spatial Domain ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Fine Grained

<!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Vanlig tabell"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} > <! [endif] > <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">In this paper, I investigate the syntactic structure underlying expressions of the three main types of Paths: Goal Path, Source Path and Route Path. I suggest that they are structurally different and propose a fine-grained syntactic structure for each of them, which is able to account for their morphological make-up. I explore how this structure is spelled out in various languages and show that a nanosyntactic approach to lexicalization captures the facts in an elegant way. In discussing the spell-out of the structure by prepositions and case affixes, I reach the conclusion that sometimes the verb has to &lsquo;reach down&rsquo; and lexicalize heads which belong to the spatial domain (cf. Svenonius and Son 2008). I provide evidence from languages where I argue that this is the case.</span><-->

Between feature mapping and thematic prominence: Old english se-demonstratives and pronouns in discourse

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-617
Author(s):  
Rafał Jurczyk
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Feature Mapping ◽  
Personal Pronouns

Abstract Old English se-demonstratives (which usually trace less salient referents) and personal pronouns (usually continuing previous topics) have frequently been taken to share a common pronominal property (e.g. Breban 2012; Epstein 2011; van Gelderen 2013, 2011; Kiparsky 2002; Howe 1996). This assumption holds despite their non-overlapping distribution which still remains a puzzle (cf. van Gelderen 2013; Los and van Kemenade 2018). In this paper, we argue that this distributional discrepancy stems from the lack of syntactic and formal affinities between the two forms. Se-demonstratives are either dependent (introducing full DPs) or independent (usually labeled as “pronominal”), but still instances of the same lexical item. As a D-category, they necessarily license their NP complements regardless of their being lexical or empty, thereby entering into tight formal and semantic relations with their nominal antecedents. In doing so, they rely on the working of their gender- and case-features, the two carrying semantic import and mapping onto the specific reference [+ref/spec]-property in the semantic module(s). Being bundles of case- and/or φ-features, pronominals lack the complex syntactic structure of se-demonstratives. Their formal and semantic relations with nominal antecedents are thus less intimate, holding due to interpretable person- and number-features.

A relação entre nomes gerais e pronomes indefinidos na fala mineira

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Fernanda Carla Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Borderline Case ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In ◽  
Indefinite Pronouns

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre os nomes gerais coisa, negócio, trem, cara, pessoa e indivíduo e os pronomes indefinidos algo, alguém, nada e ninguém no português brasileiro. Nomes gerais são definidos por Halliday e Hasan (1976) como um caso limítrofe entre um item lexical e um item gramatical, por serem semanticamente generalizados. Além de Halliday e Hasan (1976), outros trabalhos que contemplam o estudo dos nomes gerais são os de Mihatsch (2006) e Koch (2004). Sobre pronomes indefinidos, tomou-se como base Neves (2000), Mihatsch (2006) e Haspelmath (1997). A partir de um corpus de doze gravações orais feitas na cidade de Caeté-MG, com pessoas heterogêneas, buscou-se observar o número de ocorrências dos nomes gerais, bem como analisá-los, focando na relação que eles mantêm com os pronomes indefinidos. Esses dados fazem parte de um corpus maior pertencente ao projeto “O uso dos nomes gerais nos falares mineiros”. No presente trabalho constatou-se que quando o falante opta por falar da inexistência de algo e de alguém, são usadas apenas as formas pronominais nada e ninguém. Para se falar da existência de algo, utiliza-se preferencialmente coisa. Para se falar da existência de uma pessoa, há alternância entre pronome e nome geral.Abstract This research aims to analyze the relation between the general nouns coisa, negócio, trem, cara, pessoa and indivíduo and the indefinite pronouns algo, alguém, nada and ninguém in Brazilian Portuguese. General nouns are defined by Halliday and Hasan (1976) as a borderline case between a lexical item and a grammatical item, semantically generalized. Besides Halliday and Hasan (1976), other researches that contemplate the study of general nouns are Mihatsch (2006) and Koch (2004). In what concerns the indefinite pronouns, it was considered the concepts on Neves (2000), Mihatsch (2006) and Haspelmath (1997). Thus, we searched, from a corpus of twelve oral recordings made in the city of Caeté-MG, formed by from heterogeneous people, to observe the number of occurrences of general nouns, as well as analyze them, focusing on the relation they have to the indefinite pronouns. These data are part of a larger corpus belonging to the project "O uso dos nomes gerais nos falares mineiros". In the present work, it was found that when the speaker chooses to speak of the absence of algo and alguém, are used only the pronoun forms nada and ninguém. To speak of the existence of algo, it is used preferably coisa. To speak of the existence of a person, there is an alternation between the pronoun and the general noun.  

scholarly journals Fast priming of grammatical decisions: repetition and transposed-word priming effects

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Mirault ◽  
Mathieu Declerck ◽  
Jonathan Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Repetition Priming ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Prime Word ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Word Sequence ◽  
Word Priming

We used the grammatical decision task to investigate fast priming of written sentence processing. Targets were sequences of 5 words that either formed a grammatically correct sentence or were ungrammatical. Primes were sequences of 5 words and could be the same word sequence as targets, a different sequence of words with a similar syntactic structure, the same sequence with two inner words transposed or the same sequence with two inner words substituted by different words. Prime-word sequences were presented in a larger font size than targets for 200 ms and followed by the target sequence after a 100 ms delay. We found robust repetition priming in grammatical decisions, with same sequence primes leading to faster responses compared with prime sequences containing different words. We also found transposed-word priming effects, with faster responses following a transposed-word prime compared with substituted-word primes. We conclude that fast primed grammatical decisions might offer investigations of written sentence processing what fast primed lexical decisions have offered studies of visual word recognition.

Word (and other) search sequences initiated by language learners

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Koshik ◽  
Mi-Suk Seo
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
General Term ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Language Learner ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Analytic Framework ◽  
Expert Teacher ◽  
Word Forms

AbstractThis study uses a conversation analytic framework to analyze practices by which language learners display that they are searching for language they have not yet fully acquired, i.e., words, word forms, syntactic structure, or pronunciation. Learners can present their solutions with rising intonation as candidate solutions to be confirmed or corrected by another speaker. They can also elicit a specific lexical item by presenting a more general term with rising intonation. When learners receive an ambiguous response to these search turns, they can initiate repair to disambiguate the import of that response in order to pursue linguistic accuracy, even when communication is displayed as otherwise successful. These search sequences therefore display an orientation to language learning, showing how the participants' situated identities as language learner/student and language expert/teacher are contingently constructed and negotiated in and through their talk and other semiotic resources as the local context evolves.

Towards the Use of a Tree Branching Logic in the Environment of a Hospital Information System

1980 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
J.-Ph. Berney ◽  
R. Baud ◽  
J.-R. Scherrer
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Selection System ◽  
Frame Selection ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Medical Language ◽  
Selection Systems ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Man Machine Dialogue ◽  
Oriented System

It is well known that Frame Selection Systems (FFS) have proved both popular and effective in physician-machine and patient-machine dialogue. A formal algorithm for definition of a Frame Selection System for handling man-machine dialogue is presented here. Besides, it is shown how the natural medical language can be handled using the approach of a tree branching logic. This logic appears to be based upon ordered series of selections which enclose a syntactic structure. The external specifications are discussed with regard to convenience and efficiency. Knowing that all communication between the user and the application programmes is handled only by FSS software, FSS contributes to achieving modularity and, therefore, also maintainability in a transaction-oriented system with a large data base and concurrent accesses.

Analisis Kebutuhan Kamus Baca Bergambar untuk Mempermudah Siswa Belajar Bahasa Mandarin

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chintya Prabawati ◽  
Anggraeni Anggraeni
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Kamus baca bergambar merupakan salah satu media penunjang pembelajaran yang dapat membuat siswa lebih tertarik dan mempermudah dalam proses pembelajaran. Berdasarkan observasi, bahwa banyak berbagai macam kamus baca bergambar yang ditemukan. Hal ini dapat mempengaruhi daya tangkap pemahaman siswa dalam Bahasa Mandarin. Oleh sebab itu, pada penelitian ini  peneliti berusaha menganalisis kamus baca bergambar Bahasa Mandarin sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa. Tujuan penelitian ini, yaitu 1) Mengetahui kebutuhan siswa akan kamus baca bergambar untuk mempermudah siswa dan guru belajar bahasa Mandarin, 2) Mengetahui kesesuaian kamus baca bergambar dengan kebutuhan siswa melalui analisis SWOT untuk mempermudah belajar bahasa Mandarin. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, karena peneliti akan menjabarkan kebutuhan kamus baca bergambar untuk mempermudah siswa belajar Bahasa Mandarin. Hasil dari penelitian ini menghendaki kamus baca bergambar yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa berdasarkan penyusunan kosakata, jumlah kosakata per halaman, tampilan/ layout kosakata, font Hanzi, font size Hanzi, font Pinyin, font size Pinyin, gambar/ ilustrasi.Picture reading dictionary is one of the supporting learning media that can make students more interested and simplify the learning process. Based on observations, that many various kinds of picture reading dictionaries were found. This can affect the comprehension of students' comprehension in Mandarin. Therefore, in this study the researchers tried to analyze the Chinese picture reading dictionary according to the students' needs. The purpose of this study, namely 1) Knowing the needs of students for picture reading dictionaries to facilitate students and teachers learning Mandarin, 2) Knowing the suitability of picture reading dictionaries with students' needs through SWOT analysis to facilitate learning Chinese. This research uses descriptive qualitative method, because the researcher will describe the need for  a picture reading dictionary to facilitate students learning Mandarin. The results of  this study require a picture reading dictionary that suits students' needs based on vocabulary preparation, number of vocabularies per page, display / layout of vocabulary, Hanzi fonts, Hanzi font sizes, Pinyin fonts, Pinyin font sizes, pictures / illustrations.Picture reading dictionary is one of the supporting learning media that can make students more interested and simplify the learning process. Based on observations, that many various kinds of picture reading dictionaries were found. This can affect the comprehension of students' comprehension in Mandarin. Therefore, in this study the researchers tried to analyze the Chinese picture reading dictionary according to the students' needs. The purpose of this study, namely 1) Knowing the needs of students for picture reading dictionaries to facilitate students and teachers learning Mandarin, 2) Knowing the suitability of picture reading dictionaries with students' needs through SWOT analysis to facilitate learning Chinese. This research uses descriptive qualitative method, because the researcher will describe the need for  a picture reading dictionary to facilitate students learning Mandarin. The results of  this study require a picture reading dictionary that suits students' needs based on vocabulary preparation, number of vocabularies per page, display / layout of vocabulary, Hanzi fonts, Hanzi font sizes, Pinyin fonts, Pinyin font sizes, pictures / illustrations.

Cópulas en geoestadística o lo que se puede hacer con coordenadas y estructuras de dependencia

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Danna Lesley Cruz Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Title Page ◽  
Font Size

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'SFRM1000';">Es común en geoestadística utilizar métodos como el variograma o el coe- ficiente de correlación para describir la dependencia espacial y kriging para rea- lizar interpolación y predicción, pero estos métodos son sensibles a valores extremos y están fuertemente influen- ciados por la distribución marginal del campo aleatorio. Por lo tanto, pueden conducir a resultados poco fiables. Co- mo alternativa a los modelos tradicio- nales de geoestadística se considera el uso de las funciones cópula. La cópula es ampliamente usada en el campo de las finanzas y ciencias actuariales y debi- do a sus resultados satisfactorios empe- zaron a ser consideradas en otras áreas de aplicación de las ciencias estadísti- cas. En este artículo se muestra el efec- to de las cópulas como una herramienta que muestra un análisis geoestadístico bajo todo el rango de cuantiles y una es- tructura de dependencia completa, con- siderando modelos de tendencia espa- cial, distribuciones marginales continuas y discretas y funciones de covarianza. Se presentan tres métodos de interpolación espacial: el primero corresponde al indi- cador kriging y kriging disyuntivo, el se- gundo método se conoce como el kriging simple y el tercer método es una predic- ción plug-in y la generalización del kri- ging trans-Gaussiano, estos métodos son utilizados con base en la función cópula debido a la relación que existe entre las cópulas bivariadas y los indicadores de covarianzas. Se presenta resultados ob- tenidos para un conjunto de datos reales de la ciudad de Gomel que contiene me- diciones de isotopos radioactivos, conse- cuencia del accidente nuclear de Cher- nóbil. Finalmente, se presenta resultado obtenidos con el uso de cópulas discre- tas a un conjunto de datos simulados, esto permite realizar una extensión a los trabajos usuales de cópulas en Geoesta- dística. Este artículo es producto de la tesis de Maestría dirigida por el Profe- sor Edilberto Cepeda de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. </span></p></div></div></div>

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