scholarly journals Talemål i Sør-Østfold

Målbryting ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Stjernholm ◽  
Åshild Søfteland
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Fact

I artikkelen presenterer vi en språkantropologisk analyse av språk­situasjonen i sørøstlige deler av Østfold. Analysen tar utgangspunkt i Silversteins (1985) ‘total linguistic fact’ for å beskrive sammenhengen mellom (språk)ideologi, språklig form eller struktur og (språklig) inter­aksjon/praksis i området. Artikkelen går inn i alle disse og diskuterer dem basert på samtaledata fra Nordisk dialektkorpus, tekster av lærerstudenter og egne erfaringer som tilflyttere til området. Vi argumenterer også for at Østfolds historie spiller en sentral rolle i det ideologiske klimaet som omgir østfoldmål. Området ble tidlig og mye industrialisert, noe som førte til en klassedelt sosial struktur (Svendsen 2004:465). Vi hevder at denne strukturen kan ses som en videreføring av en klassedelt samfunnsstruktur som også eksisterte før området ble industrialisert. Industrialiseringa førte også med seg innvandring og urbanisering. Disse samfunnsforholdene er utgangspunktet for en språkutvikling prega av mye språkkontakt, og også det som ser ut til å være en deling mellom lokalt og mer ikke-lokalt mål. Vi tolker dette i lys av det Woolard (2016) skriver om to konkurrerende språkideologiske retninger i vestlige samfunn, som hun kaller en ‘ideology of authenticity’, en autentisitetsideologi, og en ‘ideology of anonymity’, en nøytralitetsideologi. Vi presenterer også en modell for en firedeling av det språklige landskapet i Østfold, og vi tolker en samtale fra 2009 med to unge østfoldinger inn i denne modellen.      

Coherence and Continuity: A Study in Comparative Codification

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia Wasserstein Fassberg
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Characteristic Mode ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Conceptual Coherence ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
The One ◽  
Linguistic Fact

The English common law is frequently referred to as a seamless web; continental lawyers tend rather to think of law in terms of internal coherence and consistency. This is not merely a linguistic fact, and the terms are not simply interchangeable. Each reflects the characteristic mode of thought and of development in its respective system: the common law constantly and gradually emerging as a cumulative historical process; continental law stemming from, and in every case ultimately resting on interpretation of, codes, the product of a moment in history. Thus, although they are both capable of denoting the same idea of wholeness, each term has a slightly different connotative emphasis, the one stressing historical coherence and the other emphasising conceptual coherence.This is but one example of the proposition that institutions can not be imported wholesale, that foreign legal provisions, and terms of thought and reference, have to be evaluated beyond their immediate superficial appearance before they may be adopted or used as measures for local purposes. All such institutions have both a historical and a contextual significance which makes comparison on the level of one-dimensional questions such as, “Which is the better rule or the more attractive term?” meaningless.

Platão, Heraclito e a Estrutura Metafórica do Real

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-68
Author(s):  
José Trindade Santos ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Fact

The author proposes an interpretation of the theory and practise of paradeigma, developed in conjunction with the method of diairesis in the Sophist, Politicus and Philebus. The conclusions reached are then balanced against the evidence of Plato's views on knowledge and language in the Cratylus, and compared to the logos of Heraclitus, in order to explain the conception designated as the "metaphorical structure of reality". It is then suggested that the degradation and reevaluation of this structure in Modern and Contemporary thought was due to the attention paid, or not paid, to Aristotle's consideration of metaphor as a purely linguistic fact.

What is a linguistic fact?

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Labov
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Fact

scholarly journals General Tendencies in Semiotic Research

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1 (3)) ◽  
pp. 96-100
Author(s):  
Diana Hambardzumyan
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
The Real ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Linguistic Fact

Modern linguistics knows a great number of semiotic researches which focus on a literary text both as a subject matter of literary semiotic and linguosemiotic study. While literary semiotics deals with controversial issues of the style of literary works, linguistic semiotics investigates literary texts paying special attention to the significance of the language unit which reflects the real phenomena, relations and actions turning into a linguistic fact as soon as strong and historically, culturally correlated ties appear in between the linguistic unit as a sign and its referent.

scholarly journals Les équivalences discursives et les suites préconstruites

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 21-58
Author(s):  
Gaston Gross
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Semantic Class ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
The Face ◽  
Adverbial Modifiers ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Linguistic Fact

A given predicate is defined by a set of properties which combine and which automatically generate all the sentences it allows. Among them, we note the number and the semantic class of the arguments which characterize it, the adjectival and adverbial modifiers which can be added tothe scheme of arguments as well as all the transformations which affect each of these units. The speaker is responsible for attributing to sentences the set of all the forms that language allows him to generate. What has just been said can be considered as a definition of syntax.But this situation is far from exhausting the description of a language. J. Dubois and especially Maurice Gross have devoted large-scale work to fixed expressions, that is to say, to the restrictions relating to the combinatorics usually observed around a given predicate. These studies have focused on the limitations of grammar rules as they are generally described. These two authors have drawn up lists of tens of thousands of “fixed” verbs and have highlighted the limits of this fixing. However, they made an observation without highlighting the causes of the fixing, which is a much more complex linguistic fact than this work suggests. The purpose of this article is twofold. On the one hand, it emphasizes what can be called discursive equivalences: in a given situation, the same idea can be translated by expressions which have no obvious link between them, as in: con comme la lune, con comme un balai, con comme une baleine, con comme une bite, con comme une valise. Another example: voici belle lurette, voici longtemps, voici un temps fou, voici une paille, voici une paye. It goes without saying that the speaker is not master of these expressions, because they are written in the language. This article shows that these equivalences are very numerous. On the other hand, I. Mel’čuk initiated important work on pragmatemes. Again the “regular” syntax is defective. All these cases are in fact examples of pre-constructed sequences, of which this article attempts to make a first classification. These sequences are explained by specific communication conditions as seen with these examples:a) Doubt or reluctance in the face of information that one can hardly believe:à d’autres !, à d’autres mais pas à moi !, à d’autres mais pas à nous ! b) Criticism of a work that is considered null and uninteresting:c’est de la bouillie pour les chats, c’est de la bricole, c’est de la briquette, c’est de la couille,c’est de la merde, c’est de la piquette, c’est du flan, c’est du pipeau, c’est du vent.This is long-term work, which allows us to renew certain theoretical perspectives.  

scholarly journals Improving Sentence Representations via Component Focusing

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoya Yin ◽  
Wu Zhang ◽  
Wenhao Zhu ◽  
Shuang Liu ◽  
Tengjun Yao
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Basic Part ◽  
Primary Meaning ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Standard Models ◽  
General Linguistic ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
Linguistic Fact

The efficiency of natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as text classification and information retrieval, can be significantly improved with proper sentence representations. Neural networks such as convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) are gradually applied to learn the representations of sentences and are suitable for processing sequences. Recently, bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) has attracted much attention because it achieves state-of-the-art performance on various NLP tasks. However, these standard models do not adequately address a general linguistic fact, that is, different sentence components serve diverse roles in the meaning of a sentence. In general, the subject, predicate, and object serve the most crucial roles as they represent the primary meaning of a sentence. Additionally, words in a sentence are also related to each other by syntactic relations. To emphasize on these issues, we propose a sentence representation model, a modification of the pre-trained bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) network via component focusing (CF-BERT). The sentence representation consists of a basic part which refers to the complete sentence, and a component-enhanced part, which focuses on subject, predicate, object, and their relations. For the best performance, a weight factor is introduced to adjust the ratio of both parts. We evaluate CF-BERT on two different tasks: semantic textual similarity and entailment classification. Results show that CF-BERT yields a significant performance gain compared to other sentence representation methods.

scholarly journals The Problem of Identity of an Informatized Person by the Viewpoint of Intertextualism

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-122
Author(s):  
Alexander Pylkin ◽  
Nina Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Information Environment ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
European Individual ◽  
Linguistic Fact

The Object of the Study. Identity of an informatized personThe Subject of the Study. Communicative identity in communicative environment based on principles of intertextuality.The Purpose of the Study is demonstrating the impossibility of communicative identity in the situation of totally informatized public being in accordance with the principles of intertextuality.The Main Provisions of the Article. Swift evolution and dissemination of the information technology have led to radical changes in human`s public being. The identity of a human being as a being who communicates with one`s own kind become questionable. Philosophical basis of information society can be found in the poststructuralism. Hiperawareness, fragmentation and reduced interaction can be pointed out as the most important parameters of informatized society. In that regard, an identity of informatized human being is considered from the point of view of the poststructuralistic conception of intertextuality. The last one serves as a kind of ideology of informatized society. The consciousness that since Rene Descartes had been the main identifier of a West European individual, became in the 20th century the linguistic consciousness. Semiotics has shown the subject is merely a fixed place in the sistem of language. In the sixties poststructuralists deleted that fixation. They demonstrated that a language is an open system, not a closed one. From the viewpoint of the poststructuralistic conception of intertextuality a human being is a merely mobile fragment of a constantly reproducting hypertext. While a text that represents itself in the system of telecommunications as objectified communicative environment marks individual`s alienation and clearly has fetish nature. The encounter of linguistic consciousness with a linguistic fact actually reveals the dialogic nature of meaning. The meaning of any textual object is defined as a function of interaction with the past, present and future text semantic blocks, the representative of which is consciousness interacting with this object. Communication act draws the subject into the process of dialogical formation, in which the semantic unity is dispersed. Under these conditions a message as the basis of communicaton and identity has become problematic. Even a creative act of forming a message is unable to overcome the gap between alienated atomized individual and autonomous information environment. Communication in information society tends to become barren message: «Look! I do exist!» with not an answer come back.

scholarly journals “Irregular” -ě- after hushing sibilants in verbal suffixes in Middle Russian writing

Slovene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-486
Author(s):  
Yana A. Penʹkova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Linguistic Fact

The paper attempts to identify the causes of the phonetically irregular -ě- after hushing sibilants in verbal suffixes in Middle Russian writing. The author suggests treating this linguistic fact as a systemic one, not connected with the spelling tradition of the southern Slavs, since most of these verbs occur in vernacular sources. With the use of the material from the Dictionary of the Russian language of the XI‒XVII centuries, 13 verbs with the suffix -ě- after hushing sibilants could be found. Prefixed verbs have resultative meaning, unprefixed ones denote telic processes. The analogical distribution of the suffix -ě- is probably caused by two factors. Firstly, the suffix -a-1, the allomorph of the suffix -ѣ- with the meaning of process, and the suffix -a-2, the imperfectivization marker, were homonymous; secondly, it was necessary to form decausative verbs in the period when reflexiveness has not yet become the main way of decausation.

1. WHAT IS A LINGUISTIC FACT?

1975 ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Fact
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