Reinvention

Author(s):  
David Harrington Watt

This chapter studies the developments that set the stage for the reinvention of fundamentalism. It examines three texts that illustrate the uses to which fundamentalism was put during that time. The first is a brief article, Martin Marty's “Fundamentalism Reborn,” that appeared in the Saturday Review in the spring of 1980. It used the ideas of Talcott Parsons to comment on the dangers inherent in the rise of global fundamentalism. The second text, Holy Terror (1982), was written by two journalists, Flo Conway and Jim Siegelman. The book attempted to demonstrate that fundamentalists all over the globe are engaged in systematic campaigns against freedom, justice, progress, and democracy. The third text, “Islamic Fundamentalism and Islamic Radicalism,” is a transcript of congressional hearings that took place in the summer of 1985.

2018 ◽  
Vol III (I) ◽  
pp. 428-444
Author(s):  
Mian Muhammad Azhar ◽  
Abdul Basit Khan ◽  
Muhammad Waris

Women constitute almost half of the worlds population but are politically marginalized and underrepresented in the third-world countries. The long-lived traditional structures as well as socio-economic factors adversely affected their mobility, socialization, political and electoral participation and representation in policy-making forums. Being low in effectiveness, they are unable to make any significant change in the patterns of sociopolitical development. In Pakistan, the traditional patriarchal approach and the growth of Islamic fundamentalism adversely affected their political emancipation and domesticated them. Although, women in Pakistan successfully struggled to overcome the said challenges and their representation in the parliament has significantly been increased but still need a lot to become an effective part of the policymaking process. The instant study investigates the challenges faced by the women of Pakistan to overcome their political marginalization and suggests the measures to develop a more inclusive and representative society.


Author(s):  
Jonathan R. Eller

Bradbury’s successful 1977 stage adaptation of The Martian Chronicles with Terrence Shank and Paul Gregory opens chapter ten and leads into Bradbury’s fully realized understanding of Hamlet while attending Jack O’Brien’s production at San Diego’s Globe Theater. The chapter examines Bradbury’s influential Saturday Review essay “The God in Science Fiction,” which continues his exploration of the spiritual intersection between science and science fiction. His significant Los Angeles Times review of Close Encounters of the Third Kind embraced the film’s global spiritual implications. The chapter goes on to document Bradbury’s grief over the loss of friends Loren Eiseley, Edmond Hamilton, and Leigh Brackett, and his willingness to guarantee completion of Brackett’s Empire Strikes Back screenplay. She lived to complete it and acknowledge their enduring friendship.


2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Muslim Abdurrahman

<p class="Bodytext20">In this modem era, Islam, in fact, has a significant influence in politics and culture. Western people regard this as a symptom of the emergence of Islamic fundamentalism. It is a reaction of Islam to modernism and capitalism. Even though the term is not purely from Islamic terminology, for Western academicians it virtually represents Islam. Even, they relate it to terrorist movements. It takes us back to remarkable phenomena of secularism embedding that happened in Europe two decades ago. Modernism and capitalism have effects not only on Islam but also on other non-Islamic countries. Therefore, it is not surprising if then in this era of global capitalism Western academicians try to eliminate the thesis of secularism in their fundamentalism project. In the third millennium, after the fall of communism in Russia and Western Europe, Western is interested in studying Islam, if truth to be told, it is more intense. They are afraid of the influence of Islam for which the fundamentalists struggle to realize Islam as the grand narrative, a blue print of universal ideology that often impedes Western hegemony with its liberal democracy.</p><p> </p><p>Pada zaman modern ini, nyatanya Islam memiliki pengaruh signifikan dalam Politik dan budaya. Orang Barat menganggap ini sebagai pertanda kemunculan fundamentalis Islam. Hal itu adalah reaksi Islam terhadap modernisme dan kapitalisme. Meskipun begitu, istilah tersebut tidak berasal dari istilah Islam, hanya saja menurut akademis Barat, istilah tersebut merepresentasikan Islam secara virtual. Bahkan, mereka mengaitkannya dengan gerakan teroris. Hal ini membawa kita kembali pada fenomena dahsyat sekularisme yang terjadi di Eropa dua dekade lalu. Modernisme dan kapitalisme berefek tak hanya pada Islam tapi juga pada negara-negara non-Islam. Maka dari itum tidak mengejutkan jika dalam era kapitalisme global, akademisi Barat mencoba menyingkirkan hipotesis sekularisme dalam proyek fundamentalismenya. Pada milenium ketiga, pasca runtuhnya komunisme di Rusia dan Eropa Barat, negara Barat mulai tertarik mempelajari Islam. Karena jika kebenaran diungkapkan, maka akan lebih hebat. Mereka takut akan pengaruh Islam bagi para fundamentalis yang berjuang untuk menyadarkan Islam sebagai narasi besar, sebuah <em>blue print</em> ideologi universal yang sering mengahalangi hegemoni Barat dengan demokrasi liberalnya.</p>


Author(s):  
David Harrington Watt

This chapter examines three texts of the 1930s and 1940s that built upon and went beyond the polemics of the 1920s. The first, H. Richard Niebuhr's “Fundamentalism,” appeared in a highly respected reference work published in 1931, the Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. The second, an informal memo by Talcott Parsons called “Memorandum: The Development of Groups and Organizations Amenable to Use against American Institutions and Foreign Policy,” was written in 1940. The third text is Carl F. H. Henry's 1947 book The Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism. During this time, antifundamentalism embedded itself in standard reference works in a way that suggested that it was a simple truth, not one side of a controversy.


Author(s):  
Ingo Trauschweizer

In the third chapter I discuss Taylor’s leadership of the army (1955-1959) and his opposition to massive retaliation. Taylor attempted to reform the army by installing new combat divisions for the atomic battlefield, and he argued forcefully for the buildup of conventional as well as tactical nuclear capabilities for limited war. Taylor used congressional hearings and talks at war colleges and the Council on Foreign Relations for pointed critiques of national strategic priorities. Some of his colleagues in the armed forces thought him untrustworthy, but a closer reading of the record shows that they objected to his 1960 memoir more than to his actions in office. President Eisenhower still respected Taylor in 1959 and offered him the position as NATO’s supreme military commander.


1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 177-179
Author(s):  
W. W. Shane

In the course of several 21-cm observing programmes being carried out by the Leiden Observatory with the 25-meter telescope at Dwingeloo, a fairly complete, though inhomogeneous, survey of the regionl11= 0° to 66° at low galactic latitudes is becoming available. The essential data on this survey are presented in Table 1. Oort (1967) has given a preliminary report on the first and third investigations. The third is discussed briefly by Kerr in his introductory lecture on the galactic centre region (Paper 42). Burton (1966) has published provisional results of the fifth investigation, and I have discussed the sixth in Paper 19. All of the observations listed in the table have been completed, but we plan to extend investigation 3 to a much finer grid of positions.


1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 227-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brouwer

The paper presents a summary of the results obtained by C. J. Cohen and E. C. Hubbard, who established by numerical integration that a resonance relation exists between the orbits of Neptune and Pluto. The problem may be explored further by approximating the motion of Pluto by that of a particle with negligible mass in the three-dimensional (circular) restricted problem. The mass of Pluto and the eccentricity of Neptune's orbit are ignored in this approximation. Significant features of the problem appear to be the presence of two critical arguments and the possibility that the orbit may be related to a periodic orbit of the third kind.


1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 79-81
Author(s):  
A. Goldberg ◽  
S.D. Bloom

AbstractClosed expressions for the first, second, and (in some cases) the third moment of atomic transition arrays now exist. Recently a method has been developed for getting to very high moments (up to the 12th and beyond) in cases where a “collective” state-vector (i.e. a state-vector containing the entire electric dipole strength) can be created from each eigenstate in the parent configuration. Both of these approaches give exact results. Herein we describe astatistical(or Monte Carlo) approach which requires onlyonerepresentative state-vector |RV&gt; for the entire parent manifold to get estimates of transition moments of high order. The representation is achieved through the random amplitudes associated with each basis vector making up |RV&gt;. This also gives rise to the dispersion characterizing the method, which has been applied to a system (in the M shell) with≈250,000 lines where we have calculated up to the 5th moment. It turns out that the dispersion in the moments decreases with the size of the manifold, making its application to very big systems statistically advantageous. A discussion of the method and these dispersion characteristics will be presented.


Author(s):  
Zhifeng Shao

A small electron probe has many applications in many fields and in the case of the STEM, the probe size essentially determines the ultimate resolution. However, there are many difficulties in obtaining a very small probe.Spherical aberration is one of them and all existing probe forming systems have non-zero spherical aberration. The ultimate probe radius is given byδ = 0.43Csl/4ƛ3/4where ƛ is the electron wave length and it is apparent that δ decreases only slowly with decreasing Cs. Scherzer pointed out that the third order aberration coefficient always has the same sign regardless of the field distribution, provided only that the fields have cylindrical symmetry, are independent of time and no space charge is present. To overcome this problem, he proposed a corrector consisting of octupoles and quadrupoles.


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