Determination of diphtheria risk indicators based on the study of antidiphtheria immunity in the population of Dnipropetrovsk region

Background. Vaccination is the most effective part of primary prevention. Serological monitoring of infectious diseases covered by national immunization programs is very important as it provides up-to-date information on the burden of the infection and the immunological status of the population. The study was aimed to present an analysis of epidemiological monitoring of the protection against diphtheria of the population, to show the generalized epidemiological situation regarding diphtheria, and to determine the risk of diphtheria among the population of Dnipropetrovsk region. Materials and methods. Epidemiological analysis of diphtheria immunity (2017–2019) was performed based on the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of IgG antibodies levels against diphtheria toxin in 271 residents of Dnipropetrovsk region. Results. Analysis of the results revealed that only 30.6 % (n = 83) of the population have levels of antitoxic antibodies of 1.0 IU/ml or more, which provides sufficient protection against diphtheria in the next 5–7 years of life. At that time, the majority of the population (69.4 %) needs immediate one-time booster vaccination (n = 134; 49.5 %) or immediate basic vaccination (n = 54; 19.9 %) due to low levels of antitoxic diphtheria antibodies. In the age group 8–15 years, 65.9 % (n = 62) of patients require immediate basic or booster vaccination, which indicates that children of this age do not have basic immunological protection due to violations of the vaccination schedule or its absence. In the group aged 27 years and older, 79.1 % (n = 72) of the subjects do not have protective levels of anti-diphtheria antibodies, which indicates a lack of actual protection against diphtheria. Conclusions. The results indicate insufficient protection of the population against diphtheria. In this regard, the development of strategic measures for mass immunoprophylaxis of diphtheria both in children and adults is relevant. The country should conduct regular epidemiological monitoring, which would study the population’s immunity against diphtheria and other controlled infections, and draw up a long-term strategic and tactical plan to address shortcomings in the work of mass immunoprophylaxis of the population.

Paesaggio, partecipazione e cittadinanza attiva

In this article the relationship between individuals and societies in building their spatial dimension is discussed by reflecting on the concepts of place and landscape. Environment is to be considered in its material and immaterial components in order to evaluate all the actions that need to be implemented to protect, govern and promote the landscape. This article aims to discuss the role of the community in landscape planning, starting from the research carried out for the elaboration of the Friuli Venezia Giulia Regional Landscape Plan, that stressed the role of citizens in their awareness of the past and present planning process, and showed the importance of their involvement for future plans. The participation of the population should be intended not as a formality, but as a required and effective part of the process, using the appropriate participatory tools, in order to increase awareness of the importance of ‘landscape well-being’.

Mediation advocacy

<p>Mediation has been a part of New Zealand’s employment statutory framework in one form or another for over a century, and has been the first port of call for employment disputes under the current Employment Relations Act for nearly 15 years.¹ I have been working as a mediator in this context for almost seven years in more than 1,000 mediations. Lawyers are playing a significant part in the field of mediation, with a large number representing clients in this forum on a regular basis. In an evaluation of 100 of my mediations over a ten-month period, 85% of parties were legally represented. This rate is consistent with anecdotal reporting across the employment mediation service. Lawyer representation in mediation is not unique to the employment context. There are various mediation schemes provided for under many New Zealand statutes as well as a wide raft of non-statutory mediation occurring in numerous settings. In my experience as a mediator with human rights and leaky building mediations, as well as working as a lawyer in a large commercial law firm, I am aware lawyers are representing clients in many other areas of mediation as well. Although there is a significant amount of mediation occurring and a large number of lawyers regularly appearing in mediation, my experience is that the majority of lawyers act in mediation as if they were in litigation and take an adversarial approach. My thesis is that lawyers have not adapted effectively to mediation and taken on the role of mediation advocacy. This paper explores the topic by first describing, in Part II, what I observe as lawyers’ adversarial approach in mediation. It then looks at other research to assess whether this experience is reflective of a wider issue. It finds there is evidence to support my observations. Part III analyses why lawyers are operating in an adversarial way in mediation and proposes several reasons this may be the case. Part IV puts forward what I propose is appropriate mediation advocacy. It sets out the knowledge, roles and skills required from lawyers when representing clients in mediation. Part V suggests what might be done to assist a shift away from the common, adversarial approach to effective mediation advocacy. This paper is written within the context of employment mediation in New Zealand. However, it draws on research from different jurisdictions and areas of practice so the conclusions it comes to may have more general application. The topic is not whether lawyers should be in mediation. I am not arguing that lawyers do not have a part to play in mediation. A lawyer well versed in mediation advocacy can play a highly effective part in the process. Leonard Riskin, one of the key authors on the topic of lawyers in mediation, expresses this even more strongly, saying he believes lawyers’ involvement is fundamental to mediation’s success.² Further, this paper is focused on lawyers representing parties in mediation and does not consider lawyers as mediators.</p>

Mediation advocacy

<p>Mediation has been a part of New Zealand’s employment statutory framework in one form or another for over a century, and has been the first port of call for employment disputes under the current Employment Relations Act for nearly 15 years.¹ I have been working as a mediator in this context for almost seven years in more than 1,000 mediations. Lawyers are playing a significant part in the field of mediation, with a large number representing clients in this forum on a regular basis. In an evaluation of 100 of my mediations over a ten-month period, 85% of parties were legally represented. This rate is consistent with anecdotal reporting across the employment mediation service. Lawyer representation in mediation is not unique to the employment context. There are various mediation schemes provided for under many New Zealand statutes as well as a wide raft of non-statutory mediation occurring in numerous settings. In my experience as a mediator with human rights and leaky building mediations, as well as working as a lawyer in a large commercial law firm, I am aware lawyers are representing clients in many other areas of mediation as well. Although there is a significant amount of mediation occurring and a large number of lawyers regularly appearing in mediation, my experience is that the majority of lawyers act in mediation as if they were in litigation and take an adversarial approach. My thesis is that lawyers have not adapted effectively to mediation and taken on the role of mediation advocacy. This paper explores the topic by first describing, in Part II, what I observe as lawyers’ adversarial approach in mediation. It then looks at other research to assess whether this experience is reflective of a wider issue. It finds there is evidence to support my observations. Part III analyses why lawyers are operating in an adversarial way in mediation and proposes several reasons this may be the case. Part IV puts forward what I propose is appropriate mediation advocacy. It sets out the knowledge, roles and skills required from lawyers when representing clients in mediation. Part V suggests what might be done to assist a shift away from the common, adversarial approach to effective mediation advocacy. This paper is written within the context of employment mediation in New Zealand. However, it draws on research from different jurisdictions and areas of practice so the conclusions it comes to may have more general application. The topic is not whether lawyers should be in mediation. I am not arguing that lawyers do not have a part to play in mediation. A lawyer well versed in mediation advocacy can play a highly effective part in the process. Leonard Riskin, one of the key authors on the topic of lawyers in mediation, expresses this even more strongly, saying he believes lawyers’ involvement is fundamental to mediation’s success.² Further, this paper is focused on lawyers representing parties in mediation and does not consider lawyers as mediators.</p>

Lipoxygenase and Colon Cancer

Colon cancer is an abnormal growth of cells that occurs in the large intestine. Sometimes growth remains restricted for a relatively long time before it becomes a malignant tumor and then spreads through the intestinal wall to the lymph nodes and other parts of the body. The study aims to estimate the effectiveness and partial purification of lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme and measure gamma-glutamyle transferase (GGT) activity in serum patients of colon cancer in Baghdad. The study included (80) case male patients with colon cancer with (50) samples of apparently healthy males (control) as comparison group. The result displayed a noteworthy increase in lipoxygenase effectiveness (805.0±517.23 IU/L) in serum of patients with colon cancer (T3 stage) compared with control (114.6±49.77 IU/L). The enzyme was purified by the precipitation of the serum protein using (40% (NH4)2SO4) then removing the remaining salts by dialysis. The column of gel (sephadex G.100) was used to separate the enzyme from another protein, in this step a single peak was obtained. The effective part of lipoxygenase at yield (71.42%) and folds (11.033). The ion exchange chromatography (DEAE–CeA50) was used to isolate LOX isoenzyme, two bands (LOX1 and LOX2) were acquired with different degree of purity (16.372) and (12.16) folds respectively. The result displayed a noteworthy increase in the (GGT) activity in patients (58.69±16.94IU/L) (probability P≤ 0.000) compared with control (12.79±5.68 IU/L). The increase in activity of LOX can be used as a tumor marker to detect the colon cancer disease.

Tolerancing for an Apple Pie

Tolerancing began with the notion of limits imposed on the dimensions of realized parts both to maintain functional geometric dimensionality and to enable cost-effective part fabrication and inspection. Increasingly however, component fabrication depends on more than part geometry as many parts are fabricated as a result of a “recipe” rather than dimensional instructions for material addition or removal. Referred to as process tolerancing, this is the case, for example, with IC chips. There has emerged an extensive literature on both geometric and process tolerancing, much of it with a focus on tolerance optimization. In the case of tolerance optimization, a typical objective is cost minimization while achieving required functionality or “quality.” This paper takes a different look at tolerances, suggesting that rather than ensuring merely that parts achieve a desired functionality at minimum cost, the underlying goal of product design is to make money, and tolerances comprise additional design variables amenable to optimization in a decision theoretic framework. We recognize that a theory of tolerancing must apply equally to processes and procedures, and note that tolerances introduce additional product attributes that relate to product characteristics such as consistency, quality, reliability and durability. These important attributes complicate the computation of the expected utility of candidate designs, requiring additional computational steps for their determination. Nonetheless, their proper consideration is an important element in the evaluation of product design alternatives. The resulting theory of tolerancing presented here is illustrated using the example of tolerancing for an apple pie.

Metabolomic Analysis of the Urine from Rats with Collagen-Induced Arthritis with the Effective Part of Caulophyllum robustum Maxim

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with high incidence and high disability and recurrence rates. Caulophyllum robustum Maxim (C. robustum) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with main effective parts (CRME) commonly used for RA treatment. To explore the mechanism of CRME in RA, we used metabolomics to investigate the effect of CRME intervention on urine metabolism in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). CIA rats were randomly divided into normal control, CIA model, and CRME groups. A metabolomics approach, using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight/Mass Spectrometry, was developed to perform urinary metabolic profiling. Differential metabolites were identified by comparing the CIA model and CRME groups. Preliminarily, 56 significant differential metabolites were identified in urine, and 20 metabolic pathways were disturbed by the CIA. The amount of 16 different metabolites changed in urine after CRME intervention. The production of these metabolites involves tryptophan, tyrosine, energy, cholesterol, and vitamin metabolism. CRME has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects in CIA model rats. By examining the endogenous metabolite levels, we identified potential CRME targets and pathways involved in the treatment of RA. The results of our metabolic studies indicate that CRME regulates amino acid, vitamin, energy, and lipid metabolism pathways to treat RA and may provide a new explanation for the anti-RA mechanism of CRME.

Permeability properties of woven fabrics containing two-ply fancy yarns

The basic intention of the presented research is to analyse the permeability properties of woven fabrics containing two-ply fancy yarns in the weft direction. Within the framework of presented research, two-ply fancy yarns were analysed. Because of their structure, they are classified as fancy yarns with structural effects. The first analysed two-ply fancy yarn is made of the mixture of 81% cotton and 19% viscose. The second is made of the mixture of 67% viscose and 33% flax. For the purpose of the presented research, woven fabrics containing two-ply fancy yarn were made in three different densities in weft (10 threads per cm, 13 threads per cm, and 16 threads per cm) in the twill weave T 1/3 Z. The theoretical part includes the historical development of the production of the fancy yarns, a detailed discussion of the ring production processes, the types and the structure of the fancy yarns, their use, and the global and European market of the fancy yarns. The experimental part consists of three parts. In the first part, the structural properties of the analysed fancy yarns were researched (the fineness of the fancy yarn, the frequency of repeating the effects per one meter of the yarn, the direction of twisting the fancy yarn, the number of the twists of the basic and the effective part, the diameter of the fibers, the diameter of the basic and the effective part, the fineness of individual components, the direction of the twist of individual components, and the percentage of the inside twist of individual components). In the second part, constructional properties of the analysed woven fabrics with the fancy yarn in the weft were researched (mass, thickness, the density of the warp and weft threads, and openness of the surface). In the third part, permeability properties of the analysed woven fabrics with the fancy yarn in the weft were researched where greater attention was paid to air permeability and water vapour permeability. The results of the research showed that the samples with the first two-ply fancy yarn in the weft (81% cotton and 19% viscose) have greater air permeability and water vapour permeability. Meanwhile, the samples with the second two-ply fancy yarn in the weft (67% viscose and 33% flax) have lesser abrasion resistance and poorer dimensional stability while being washed.

The Role of Pakistan's Electronic Media in Factors Affecting the Women Empowerment in Pakistan; A Case Study of Lahore

Empowering women is an important worldwide development problem. It has different forms over time and space but is tightly associated with economic, social, cultural, family or interpersonal fields. As in many other countries, Pakistan has signed various international statements to empower women, yet Pakistani women also suffer from a high level of discrimination and are economically dependent. Academic material on the empowerment of women worldwide and in Pakistan is also available. Media has the power to reach a big audience through mass communications and is regarded as the most important instrument of society in modern times. While the media, on the other hand, have particular tasks to carry out to improve society as the fatal pillar of our democracy. It can play an effective part in communicating knowledge to society by empowering women via the education of society. The researchers have used cultivation theory as a theoretical framework and have conducted a quantitative survey to collect the data.