Information and Ignorance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayna L. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
World War ◽  
Popular Opinion ◽  
Social Events ◽  
The Media ◽  
Postwar Planning ◽  
Source Of Information

This chapter examines the role of media in postwar planning on Japan. Public relations and popular opinion are only a part of the story of how the media influenced American policy toward Japan. During World War II, the journalists, editors, politicians, and bureaucrats who published on this question were influential not just because of their connection to the reading public but also as a result of their ties to policymaking circles. As such, wartime publications—popular newspaper opinion columns, specialist book series, and journal articles—provided a source of information and analysis to policymakers. However, published material was not the only, or even the most important, connection between opinion leaders and policymakers on the Japan question. Media elites, bureaucrats, and politicians also shared ideas informally through telephone conversations, over dinners, and at social events.

Making Icons

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Coates
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific War ◽  
World War ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Japanese Cinema ◽  
The Media ◽  
Rigorous Study ◽  
Post War

A distinctive feature of post-war Japanese cinema is the frequent recurrence of imagistic and narrative tropes and formulaic characterizations in female representations. These repetitions are important, Jennifer Coates asserts, because sentiments and behaviours forbidden during the war and post-war social and political changes were often articulated by or through the female image. Moving across major character types, from mothers to daughters, and schoolteachers to streetwalkers, Making Icons studies the role of the media in shaping the attitudes of the general public. Japanese cinema after defeat in the Asia Pacific War and World War II is shown to be an important ground where social experiences were explored, reworked, and eventually accepted or rejected by audiences emotionally invested in these repetitive materials. An examination of 600 films produced and distributed between 1945 and 1964, as well as numerous Japanese-language sources, forms the basis of this rigorous study. Making Icons draws on an art-historical iconographic analysis to explain how viewers derive meanings from images during this peak period of film production and attendance in Japan.

scholarly journals Soviet Information Bureau in the USSR and Abroad During World War II

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Davydov ◽  
Olesya Balandina
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Socialist Society ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet People ◽  
The Media ◽  
Post War ◽  
Canonical Texts

The article studies aspects of the Soviet outreach during World War II. The tool of such outreach was the Soviet Information Bureau, established on June 24, 1941. The authors focus on main directions of the operation of the Bureau. The novelty of the authors’ findings lies in the fact that canonical texts of the Soviet Information Bureau were actually censored by Joseph Stalin himself. The article questions the significance of the underlying patterns for the development of domestic media content. The authors study how Stalin managed the media with the help of reports. The study is relevant, as it reveals and argues the key role of Marxist ideologemes, contained in the reports, as the dominant factor defining the whole complex of newspaper and journal sources. Upon studying Stalin’s notes, the authors conclude that the tenet of exceptional progressivity of Soviet socialist society was unquestionable for its leader. The argument on the excellence of the society and the proof of extreme reactivity of the opposing regime that cast shadow on the perfect society are connected with a complete perversion of facts. The article also contains the authors’ investigation into information expansion organized by Soviet Information Bureau in the international arena during the studied period. According to the researchers, the expansion was aimed at creating a springboard to launch an agenda offensive in the post-war period. The authors conclude that Bureau’s campaigns never succeeded despite major financial and labour investments due to deep ideological motivation: the majority of Soviet people, as well as most foreigners had no trust towards Soviet media.

scholarly journals Raz na wozie, raz pod wozem (transmisyjnym), czyli ewolucja relacji mediów i polityki zagranicznej

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1 (245)) ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Szymańska
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Policy Paradigm ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Media ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Media Message

Znaczenie środków masowego przekazu w procesie planowania i realizacji polityki zagranicznej zmieniało się w czasie w zależności od możliwości technicznych mediów oraz obowiązującego paradygmatu dyplomacji. Celem artykułu jest analiza ewolucji, jaka dokonała się w tych relacjach w okresie od zakończenia II wojny światowej w kontekście wybranych wydarzeń historycznych. W ostatnich dziesięcioleciach wyróżnić można kilka etapów rozwoju wzajemnych relacji mediów i polityki zagranicznej, charakteryzujących się określonym układem oddziaływań oraz zależności mediów i dyplomacji, który w pewnych okresach w określonej sytuacji politycznej z różnym natężeniem cechowała albo wyraźna dominacja polityki nad mediami, albo wyraźnie uchwytny wpływ przekazu mediów na politykę. To, który z elementów układu zyskiwał w danym momencie przewagę, zależało głównie od aktualnego stanu rozwoju technologii przekazu oraz obowiązującego paradygmatu polityki zagranicznej. You Win Some, You Lose Some, or the Evolution of the Relations of Media and Foreign Policy The role of the media in the planning and implementation of foreign policy has changed over time, depending on the technical capabilities of the media and the existing diplomatic paradigm. The aim of the article is to analyze the evolution that has taken place in these fields since the end of World War II in the context of the selected historical events. In recent decades, several stages of the development of mutual relations between the media and foreign policy can be distinguished, characterized by a specific system of influence and dependence of the media and diplomacy, which in certain periods in a specific political situation was characterized with varying intensity either by a clear domination of politics over the media or a clearly noticeable influence of the media message on politics. Which of the elements of the system was gaining the advantage at a given moment depended mainly on the current state of development of the communication technology and the applicable foreign policy paradigm.

Architects of Occupation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayna L. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Policy Network ◽  
Foreign Policy Analysis ◽  
World War ◽  
Allied Occupation ◽  
Postwar Japan ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Media

The Allied occupation of Japan is remembered as the “good occupation.” An American-led coalition successfully turned a militaristic enemy into a stable and democratic ally. Of course, the story was more complicated, but the occupation did forge one of the most enduring relationships in the postwar world. Recent events, from the occupations of Iraq and Afghanistan to protests over American bases in Japan to increasingly aggressive territorial disputes between Asian nations over islands in the Pacific, have brought attention back to the subject of the occupation of Japan. This book exposes the wartime origins of occupation policy and broader plans for postwar Japan. It considers the role of presidents, bureaucrats, think tanks, the media, and Congress in policymaking. Members of these elite groups came together in an informal policy network that shaped planning. Rather than relying solely on government reports and records to understand policymaking, the book also uses letters, memoirs, diaries, and manuscripts written by policymakers to trace the rise and spread of ideas across the policy network. The book contributes a new facet to the substantial literature on the occupation, serves as a case study in foreign policy analysis, and tells a surprising new story about World War II.

scholarly journals War of the Waves: Radio and Resistance during World War II

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Stefano Gagliarducci ◽  
Massimiliano Gaetano Onorato ◽  
Francesco Sobbrio ◽  
Guido Tabellini
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Sunspot Activity ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
World War ◽  
The Media ◽  
Fascist Regime ◽  
The Waves

We analyze the role of the media in coordinating and mobilizing insurgency against an authoritarian regime, in the context of the Nazi-fascist occupation of Italy during WWII. We study the effect of BBC radio on the intensity of internal resistance. By exploiting variations in monthly sunspot activity that affect the sky-wave propagation of BBC broadcasting toward Italy, we show that BBC radio had a strong impact on political violence. We provide further evidence to document that BBC radio played an important role in coordinating resistance activities but had no lasting role in motivating the population against the Nazi-fascist regime. (JEL D74, L82, N44)

scholarly journals The Development of the Austrian Jazz Scene and Its Identity 1960-1980

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-157
Author(s):  
Christa Bruckner-Haring
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Music History ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Media ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Parts

In Austria, a country steeped in music history and famous for composers such as Mozart, Haydn, and Bruckner, jazz was quick to earn a place in the cultural landscape. After World War II, important jazz scenes rapidly evolved in Vienna and Graz and, particularly from the 1960s onwards, grew into a strong and independent national jazz scene. Its musicians and ensembles focussed on developing their own characteristics and styles. This article examines primary aspects of the jazz scene during these formative years, such as the series of amateur jazz festivals held in the 1960s, Friedrich Gulda's commitment to jazz, Graz as a jazz centre and the institutionalisation of jazz at the Academy of Music in Graz in 1965, the role of the Austrian broadcasting network (ORF), and the impact of the Vienna Art Orchestra. In addition to archival records and musicological and journalistic texts, interviews conducted with members of different parts of the jazz scene offer important insights into the development of jazz during this period (with musicians, ensembles, educators and researchers, festival and venue organisers, agencies and policy makers, members of the media). This article offers an overview of pertinent aspects of the Austrian jazz scene between 1960 and 1980, revealing opinions about the influence of these aspects on the formation of Austrian jazz identity.

In Search of Catharsis. Theatre in Serbia in the 1990s

Südosteuropa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Šentevska
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Present State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Crisis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Chief Interest

Abstract This paper discusses various points about the response of the Serbian theatre to the social crisis of the 1990s. The focus here is on publicly-funded theatres and their role in pacifying or mobilizing theatre audiences either to participate in or revolt against the political projects which accompanied the dissolution of Yugoslavia. The Serbian theatre system in the 1990s entered a clear process of transformation of its models of management, production, financing, public relations and, naturally, the language and forms of expression inherited from the socialist 1980s. The chief interest of this study is the transformation of the theatre system since the end of World War II, theatrical interpretations of the historical and literary past in Serbia, the role of theatre in the identity ‘makeovers’ that followed the demise of Yugoslavia, and stage interpretations of contemporary crises. Consideration is also given to the present state of the theatre in Serbia.

John Cranko's Antigone (1959): A Ballet Lost and Found

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Henrietta Bannerman
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Jean Racine ◽  
World War ◽  
Martha Graham ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
Lost And Found ◽  
The Many ◽  
Tragic Drama ◽  
The Relationship

John Cranko's dramatic and theatrically powerful Antigone (1959) disappeared from the ballet repertory in 1966 and this essay calls for a reappraisal and restaging of the work for 21st century audiences. Created in a post-World War II environment, and in the wake of appearances in London by the Martha Graham Company and Jerome Robbins’ Ballets USA, I point to American influences in Cranko's choreography. However, the discussion of the Greek-themed Antigone involves detailed consideration of the relationship between the ballet and the ancient dramas which inspired it, especially as the programme notes accompanying performances emphasised its Sophoclean source but failed to recognise that Cranko mainly based his ballet on an early play by Jean Racine. As Antigone derives from tragic drama, the essay investigates catharsis, one of the many principles that Aristotle delineated in the Poetics. This well-known effect is produced by Greek tragedies but the critics of the era complained about its lack in Cranko's ballet – views which I challenge. There is also an investigation of the role of Antigone, both in the play and in the ballet, and since Cranko created the role for Svetlana Beriosova, I reflect on memories of Beriosova's interpretation supported by more recent viewings of Edmée Wood's 1959 film.

Painted Memories

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
mayer kirshenblatt ◽  
barbara kirshenblatt-gimblett
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Yom Kippur ◽  
Root Vegetables

Mayer Kirshenblatt remembers in words and paintings the daily diet of Jews in Poland before the Holocaust. Born in 1916 in Opatóów (Apt in Yiddish), a small Polish city, this self-taught artist describes and paints how women bought chickens from the peasants and brought them to the shoykhet (ritual slaughterer), where they plucked the feathers; the custom of shlogn kapores (transferring one's sins to a chicken) before Yom Kippur; and the role of herring and root vegetables in the diet, especially during the winter. Mayer describes how his family planted and harvested potatoes on leased land, stored them in a root cellar, and the variety of dishes prepared from this important staple, as well as how to make a kratsborsht or scratch borsht from the milt (semen sack) of a herring. In the course of a forty-year conversation with his daughter, Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, who also interviewed Mayer's mother, a picture emerges of the daily, weekly, seasonal, and holiday cuisine of Jews who lived in southeastern Poland before World War II.

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