Fuel Trade: People, Places, and Transformations along the Coal Briquetting Chain

2018 ◽  
pp. 171-184
Author(s):  
Annuska Derks
Keyword(s):  
Impact Dynamics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cooking Fuel ◽  
Place And Space ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Production Site

This chapter focuses on those who produce, distribute and use an everyday, but increasingly shunned cooking fuel, the beehive coal briquette. It looks in particular at the inter-linkages between people, things and places along the briquetting chain. By tracing the journey of the coal briquette backwards, from the stove to the trolley in which it is transported and to the production site in which it is made, the chapter illustrates how the changing uses and meanings of place and space impact dynamics and networks of small-scale commercial activities in urban Vietnam.

scholarly journals Ritual Economy and the Organization of Scioto Hopewell Craft Production: Insights from the Outskirts of the Mound City Group

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-304
Author(s):  
Timothy D. Everhart ◽  
Bret J. Ruby
Keyword(s):  
Craft Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Magnetic Survey ◽  
Middle Woodland ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Structures ◽  
Production Site ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Ritual Economy ◽  
City Group

This article offers insights into the organization of Scioto Hopewell craft production and examines the implications of this organization through the lens of ritual economy. We present a novel analysis of investigations at the North 40 site, concluding that it is a craft production site located on the outskirts of the renowned Mound City Group. High-resolution landscape-scale magnetic survey revealed a cluster of three large structures and two rows of associated pits; one of the buildings and three of the pits were sampled in excavations. Evidence from the North 40 site marks this as the best-documented Scioto Hopewell craft production site. Mica, chert, and copper were crafted here in contexts organized outside the realm of domestic household production and consumption. Other material remains from the site suggest that crafting was specialized and embedded in ceremonial contexts. This analysis of the complex organization of Scioto Hopewell craft production provides grounds for further understanding the elaborate ceremonialism practiced by Middle Woodland (AD 1–400) societies and adds to the known complexity of craft production in small-scale societies. Furthermore, this article contributes to a growing body of literature demonstrating the utility of ritual economy as a framework for approaching the sociality of small-scale societies.

Part-Peasant, Part-Trader: A Study of the Rural Poor in Republican Shanxi

Rural China ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-290
Author(s):  
Aiming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Household Labor ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Survival Strategy ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Surplus Labor ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Poor Peasant

Abstract Mixed occupations are a prominent feature of China’s smallholder peasant economy. For poor peasant households with little land, working in multiple occupations is a survival strategy that represents a more rational or efficient allocation of household labor. In central Shanxi in the 1930s and 1940s, the growth of the commercial economy encouraged peasant households to dedicate their surplus labor to small-scale commercial activities (including itinerant trade and shopkeeping apprenticeship), thus leading to the formation of a mixed “part-peasant, part-trader” 半耕半商 economy. This economy was characterized by the following practices: First, many young, able-bodied men farmed during the busy seasons and peddled goods in the slack seasons. Second, other able-bodied men engaged in off-farm commercial activities year-round, while female and elderly dependents did the farming—often with the help of relatives and neighbors. This represented a rational gendered and intergenerational allocation of labor that undercut labor market prices to maximize household income. Third, any surplus income from commerce, after satisfying basic consumption needs, was used to purchase more land as subsistence insurance against the vagaries of the commercial economy. These mixed practices of mutually supporting agriculture and commerce developed into a robust and competitive part-peasant, part-trader economic system.

The Bugis-Makassar Seafarers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Hägerdal
Keyword(s):  
East India Company ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dutch East India Company ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Political Roles

The essay focuses on Bugis and Makassar seafarers of South Sulawesi through two cases. The first is Lombok and Sumbawa in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, where landless Makassarese aristocrats fought or allied with various groups to create a political platform. The second case is the seascape around Timor, further to the east, where a socially different type of maritime enterprise evolved, entailing both commercial activities and raiding of vulnerable small-scale island societies. While Dutch writers termed all these seafarers “pirates,” this fails to capture the range of their socio-political roles. Moreover, the study demonstrates how the Dutch East India Company contributed to the rise of piratical activity through colonial advances on Sulawesi in the 1660s.

Impact force of granular flows on walls normal to the bottom: slow versus fast impact dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-124
Author(s):  
T. Faug
Keyword(s):  
Flow Regime ◽  
Impact Force ◽  
Granular Flows ◽  
Analytic Solutions ◽  
Impact Dynamics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Incoming Flow ◽  
Mass Flows ◽  
Fast Flow ◽  
The Impact

The devastating effects of natural hazards due to the propagation of mass flows, such as landslides, debris flows, and avalanches, can be avoided, or at least reduced, by placing protective barriers or catching dams in the runout zones. Such structures can store the whole mass and finally stop the flow before it may reach vulnerable infrastructures. Their design requires the modelling of the runup of granular flows on rigid walls and the induced impact force. In this study, careful attention is paid on how the incoming flow regime (either slow or fast flow) that takes place before the impact with the wall can drive the prevailing process at stake during the impact of the flow with the wall. Slow flows produce gentle pile-up of the mass behind the wall with gradually varied streamlines, while faster flows give rise to a granular jump traveling upstream. Two different analytic solutions are proposed and checked against recent small-scale laboratory tests by Ashwood and Hungr (2016), who investigated both slow and fast impact dynamics of granular flows against a wall. This allows to clarify the intertwinned relation between the incoming flow regime and the induced impact force, thus providing crucial information for the geotechnical engineers in charge of the design of mitigation structures against mass flows and mountain hazards.

scholarly journals Production of Biogas Using Dairy Manure as Feedstock and Rumen Fluid as Inoculum

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Shanti Faridah Salleh ◽  
Muhammad Hifzhan Amsyar Zulkifli ◽  
Mohd Rahmat Jalani
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cooking Fuel ◽  
Methane Gas ◽  
Ph Level

 Methane gas is a valuable gas that can be used as a source of energy, either used for cooking fuel or small-scale electricity production. The most suitable application of the methane gas is in rural areas which rarely have the source of energy. It can reduce the dependency of using diesel or gasoline in order to obtain electricity. This study focused on the use of dairy manure as the feedstock and the rumen fluid as the innoculant to improve the production of biogas in rural areas application. The amount of rumen fluid and water added were varied to prepare 0 %, 12.5 %, 25 %, 37.5 % and 50 % rumen fluid. Besides that, the pH level was monitored and its effects towards biogas production was discussed. From the experiment, sample with 37.5 % rumen fluid gave the highest biogas production, followed by 50 %, 25 %, 12.5 % and 0 % rumen fluid. The presence Rumen fluids have improved the biogas production for the anaerobic digestion.

When comparative advantage is not enough: business costs in small remote economies

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. ALAN WINTERS ◽  
PEDRO M. G. MARTINS
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
International Community ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Economies ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Trade Preferences

This paper uses a newly collected dataset on business costs to investigate empirically whether small and remote economies are inherently uncompetitive. Although in theory these economies can overcome their small size by specialising and trading, this may not be enough to generate acceptable incomes because they face a combination of diseconomies of small scale and high transaction costs. We conclude that there are almost certainly some very small economies for which this is true. These economies are likely to become less attractive for commercial activities as globalization proceeds and their current trade preferences are eroded. The policy solution is not protection, however, but proactive policies from the international community.

Reasons to strike first

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Buckner ◽  
Luke Glowacki
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Small Scale

Abstract De Dreu and Gross predict that attackers will have more difficulty winning conflicts than defenders. As their analysis is presumed to capture the dynamics of decentralized conflict, we consider how their framework compares with ethnographic evidence from small-scale societies, as well as chimpanzee patterns of intergroup conflict. In these contexts, attackers have significantly more success in conflict than predicted by De Dreu and Gross's model. We discuss the possible reasons for this disparity.

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