Kerentanan Sosial Ekonomi dan Resiliensi Keluarga Petani Miskin Selama Pandemi COVID-19: Kasus Dari Madura

The Covid-19 pandemic, in addition its health impacts, also has a serious impact to people's socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Socio-economic vulnerabilities due to the Covid-19 pandemic forced people to adapt, one of which was a poor peasant family in rural Madura. This article presents the results of research focusing on the socio-economic vulnerability of poor peasant family as well as various efforts in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. Using descriptive qualitative approach and data collection method through participation observation, interviews, airy records, and documentation, this study revealed that the socioeconomic vulnerability of poor peasant family in Ponteh Village resulted from social restrictions so that the household income sector decreased. Though they have to adaptation meet the cost of household consumption, health threats in the Covid-19 pandemic. Adaptation strategy carried out by poor peasant family in rural areas is, first, building group solidarity according to values and norms that are strong, for example, mutual help in the form of basic needs. Second, every poor peasant family makes use of very strong family ties. Parental assistance as a source of supporting living is now a basic source used to make ends meet during pandemics. Third, poor peasant family in rural areas minimize household in spending and utilizing-social networks for business development. The contribution of this article is to provide views, efforts, accompanied by resilience in keeping the public from the threat of future pandemics.

The "Motherland": An Archetypal and Postcolonial Reading of Ghassan Kanafani's Umm Saad

Working at the intersection of postcolonial and archetypal criticism, this article investigates the role of women in resistance literature by looking at a piece of postcolonial Arabic fiction, Ghassan Kanafani's Umm Saad (1969). Rooted in Arab politics concerning land rights and anti-Zionist struggle, the text offers a related archetypal approach to the depiction of women in politicized literature. Umm Saad allegorizes the struggles of Palestinians to reclaim their land. A poor peasant woman, the titular heroine embodies the intimate connection between Palestinians and their land, acting as a helper to combative men and a primal symbol for attachment to the enduring land. Umm Saad is a personal mother and a trope for a feminized colonized territory, metaphorically representing the Palestinian nation and assuming mythological features enabling her to identify with the Earth Mother to send a message against dispossession. Since she embodies positive mother archetype symbolism (the personal mother and the Earth Mother), she acts as a source of fertility and protection. Expressing a political statement via the mother archetype, Kanafani appeals to a basic human need, i.e. the need to settle down in one’s land, which makes woman an indispensible part of the collective unconscious of any nation. Keywords: Archetypal Criticism; Kanafani; Mother(land); Postcolonial Arabic Fiction; Umm Saad.

The impact of M. O. Menshikov's childhood upon the formation of his publicistic interests

The subject of this research is the early life of M. O. Menshikov – one of the ideologists of the Russian nationalism of the early XX century and leading publicist of the largest all-Russian newspaper “Novoe Vremya”. The goal consists in full reconstruction of the conditions of his childhood and early youth. The methods of deduction, induction, comparative and prospective analysis were used for reconstructing separate circumstances of the initial stage of development of Menshikov’s personality and holistic biographical picture. The synthesis of objective analysis of the facts with subjective assessments of the events described by Menshikov himself in his diaries and articles allowed depicting the external circumstances of his youth, as well as reconstruct the peculiarities of development of his inner world and social reflection. The conclusion is made that a range of the core themes of Menshikov's publicistic writing, which were covered in the newspaper “Nedelya” and later in “Novoe Vremya”, and ultimately brought him popularity, take roots in his childhood and early youth: “family relations”, “upbringing and education”, “pursuit of belonging”, “finding  happiness through harmony with the world”. These topics were covered by Menshikov based on the rich life experience, a long path from the poor peasant family to the cadet of Naval Engineering School in Kronstadt. The fact that he was able to understand the problems  of the commoners made him closer to the reader. The provided biography is currently the most detailed study of the early life of M. O. Menshikov's; many facts are introduced for the first time. The article also presents additional empirical material on the history of childhood, elementary and secondary education in Russia of the late XIX century.

AN EXPERIMENT ON THE STORY OF MUSTAFA KUTLU

Mustafa Kutlu first published his story “Sır“ in October 1990. The story begins with the fact that an ordinary, honest, poor peasant is a sheikh of the sect. His Sheikh left the poor peasants before he died. The poor peasant, the new sheikh, continued his sectarian and land affairs for a while. Ancak müritlerin ısrarı üzerine toprak işlerini bırakarak sadece tarikat işleri ile uğraşır. Then the members of the sect increased, politicians also mixed. In this story, Mustafa Kutlu criticized the worldly, politicians and rulers of the new times.

An Analysis of Tess of the D’Urbervilles from the Tragedy of Tess

Thomas Hardy was a very famous and the last important novelist of the Victorian age in England, his novels and poems have a great influence in the literature in 20 century. Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one among his works. This novel describes a miserable and hard life of one beautiful and pure girl named Tess after being seduced. The article reveals the society environment, the peasant poverty family, the inequality of gender and the false moral value at that time by describing Tess’ life. Tess’ tragic life is caused by many factors and it’s the result of the burden of society. Except this, her own weakness in character cannot be separated from her tragedy, because she obviously has the dual nature — resistance and compromise, which seems like the nature of many women. As a poor peasant girl, Tess once tried to fight with destiny, but she failed. In the end, she turned out to be a murderer and also the victim of society like all other things which disobey the rules at that time. Eventually, she was separated from her lover and hanged. A beautiful and pure girl came to such a miserable life and tragic ending.

Эволюция корпуса первых секретарей Калмыцкой организации ВКП(б) в 1921–1943 гг.

The article discusses the main trends in the rotation of the executive (the first) secretaries of the Kalmyk regional party committee in 1921–1943. The study is based on the documents from the fund of the Kalmyk regional committee of the USSR Communist Party kept at the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. The principles of objectivism and historicism were used for the analysis of the archive materials that allowed to examine the problem in its relation to the existing specific historical circumstances. The goal of the article is to investigate the body of the first secretaries of the Russian Communist Party — All-Russia Communist Party in Kalmykia. The use of the common in the historical research methods (the broadside examination of the archive sources, historical description, chronological method) allowed to investigate the historical phenomena in the close relation to the historical situation. The author concludes that the specific feature of the rotation of the first secretaries of the Kalmyk regional party committee was the appointment of people from other regions of the country to this position. Mainly these were formal representatives, supervisors recommended by the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party — All-Russia Communist Party for the positions of the first or second secretaries of the regional party committee. The analysis of the characteristics of the body of the first secretaries of the Kalmyk regional party in the given time period showed that all these people were from poor peasant families, without high education but with sufficient party service record who combined party and soviet activities.

To the question of the use of constant irrigation with running vesicovaginal fistulas

Everyone, of course, knows how horrible suffering are vesicovaginal fistulas not only in the physical, but also in the moral attitude, both in the rich, intelligent class, and especially in the poor peasant environment. The only radical cure, which is possible, however, not in all cases, is of course the surgical suturing of the fistula. But it is not uncommon for the sick to come to this help at a time when the field of the operation seems to be contaminated - therefore, one must first of all reckon with this complication. The contamination of the field of operation is sometimes so stubborn that, with the most careful application of all kinds of conventional methods of treatment, the results are far from satisfactory: the raids removed with great work quickly return; the state of health of patients worsens, forces fall, as pain, as a result of the irritation of the tissues of urine, deprives them of sleep and appetite. Here, in such desperate cases, constant irrigation, proposed by prof. N.A. Tolochinov and with success, used in his clinic, is a truly beneficial remedy.

Part-Peasant, Part-Trader: A Study of the Rural Poor in Republican Shanxi

Mixed occupations are a prominent feature of China’s smallholder peasant economy. For poor peasant households with little land, working in multiple occupations is a survival strategy that represents a more rational or efficient allocation of household labor. In central Shanxi in the 1930s and 1940s, the growth of the commercial economy encouraged peasant households to dedicate their surplus labor to small-scale commercial activities (including itinerant trade and shopkeeping apprenticeship), thus leading to the formation of a mixed “part-peasant, part-trader” 半耕半商 economy. This economy was characterized by the following practices: First, many young, able-bodied men farmed during the busy seasons and peddled goods in the slack seasons. Second, other able-bodied men engaged in off-farm commercial activities year-round, while female and elderly dependents did the farming—often with the help of relatives and neighbors. This represented a rational gendered and intergenerational allocation of labor that undercut labor market prices to maximize household income. Third, any surplus income from commerce, after satisfying basic consumption needs, was used to purchase more land as subsistence insurance against the vagaries of the commercial economy. These mixed practices of mutually supporting agriculture and commerce developed into a robust and competitive part-peasant, part-trader economic system.