Gender, Migration, and the Pursuit of Security

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-39
Author(s):  
Cynthia J. Cranford
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigrant Workers ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Local Labor Markets ◽  
Personal Support ◽  
Personal Support Workers

This chapter discusses how dynamic processes of gendering, racialization, and precarization make diverse people into personal support workers who lack security at the labor market and intimate levels. Enduring gendered inequalities that relegate more women than men to unpaid domestic work serve to structure and justify the concentration of women in this paid domestic work and its devaluation. What immigrant women from professional and working-class backgrounds had in common that shaped their eventual location in personal support was the marginal place of their nation of origin in the global economy vis-à-vis the United States, Canada, and by extension Britain. Gendered and racialized migration shaped the location of immigrant workers in North America, but their entry into personal support had as much to do with dynamics in the local labor markets of Toronto and Los Angeles, namely the intersection of racialization, gendering, ageism, and precarious employment, supported by the state. Social networks certainly opened up jobs to immigrant workers with few other options, but these jobs were precarious.

scholarly journals The Causes and Consequences of Wal-Mart's Growth

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emek Basker
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Local Labor Markets ◽  
Product Selection ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Consumer Prices ◽  
Private Employer ◽  
State And Local

Wal-Mart is the largest retailer and the largest private employer in the United States. The competitive pressures created by large retailers have long been controversial, and Wal-Mart's growth has raised concerns about its economic impact on workers, communities, and competitors. This paper aims to dispel some of the myths regarding Wal-Mart and to replace them with a systematic accounting of what is known about Wal-Mart's impact on the U.S. and global economy. The paper begins by exploring the source of Wal-Mart's competitive advantage. It then examines some of the economic effects of Wal-Mart: how Wal-Mart stores affect local labor markets, consumer prices, product selection, local and global competitors, and suppliers. I then turn to Wal-Mart's interaction with public policy issues in matters of global trade as well as state and local legislation on wages, benefits, zoning, and subsidies.

scholarly journals Risk, Recessions and Resilience: Towards Sustainable Local Labor Markets through Employment Portfolio Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7926
Author(s):  
Bharman Gulati ◽  
Stephan Weiler
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Local Labor Markets ◽  
Local Labor Market ◽  
Business Survival ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
New Business

This paper explores the role of local labor market dynamics on the survival of new businesses. The characteristics of the local labor market are likely to influence the survival of new businesses, the level of entrepreneurship, and the resilience of the regional economy. We apply portfolio theory to evaluate employment-based and income-based measures of risk-and-return trade-offs in local labor markets on new business survival in the United States. Our results show that volatility in local labor markets has a positive impact on new business survival, especially in Metropolitan Statistical Areas. The results are robust across different timeframes, including during economic downturns, thus highlighting the contribution of new businesses in developing the resilience of the local economy, and further promoting sustainable regional economic development.

Book Reviews

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1122-1126
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Revenue ◽  
Revenue Collection ◽  
State Income Tax ◽  
State Income

Brian Erard of B. Erard and Associates reviews, “The Causes and Consequences of Income Tax Noncompliance” by Jeffrey A. Dubin. The EconLit Abstract of this book begins: “Presents an empirical analysis of the federal and state revenue collection process in the United States, focusing on the causes of taxpayer noncompliance. Discusses the tax gap; recent patterns in IRS enforcement, economic theory and the literature; the Dubin Graetz Wilde model; the data; IRS criminal enforcement activities and taxpayer noncompliance; IRS criminal investigation—measuring the marginal monetary effect of criminal investment convictions; extensions to the period 2002–04; and state income tax compliance. Dubin is Adjunct Professor of Economics and Statistics in Global Economy and Management at the Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles. Bibliography; no index.”

scholarly journals (Ph.D. dissertation) Demographic change and economic development at the local level in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto F. L. Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Local Labor Markets ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Education Groups ◽  
The Impact

(Ph.D. Dissertation)In this analysis, I estimate the impact of the changing relative size of the adult male population, classified by age and education groups, on the earnings of employed males living in 502 Brazilian local labor markets during four time periods between 1970 and 2000. The effects of shifts in the age distribution of the working age population have been studied in relation to the effect of the baby-boom generation on the earnings of different cohorts in the United States. However, the question has received little attention in the context of the countries in Asia and Latin America, which are now experiencing substantial shifts in their age-education distributions. Taking advantage of the huge variation across Brazilian local labor markets, the models in this research suggest that age-education groups are not perfect substitutes, so that own-cohort-education size depresses earnings, as expected by the theory. Compositional shifts are influential, attesting that this approach represents a fruitful way of studying this central problem in economic development, going beyond the effects normally analyzed by formal labor market equations.

scholarly journals The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 2121-2168 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H Autor ◽  
David Dorn ◽  
Gordon H Hanson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Import Competition ◽  
Local Labor Markets ◽  
Industry Specialization ◽  
Market Effects

We analyze the effect of rising Chinese import competition between 1990 and 2007 on US local labor markets, exploiting cross-market variation in import exposure stemming from initial differences in industry specialization and instrumenting for US imports using changes in Chinese imports by other high-income countries. Rising imports cause higher unemployment, lower labor force participation, and reduced wages in local labor markets that house import-competing manufacturing industries. In our main specification, import competition explains one-quarter of the contemporaneous aggregate decline in US manufacturing employment. Transfer benefits payments for unemployment, disability, retirement, and healthcare also rise sharply in more trade-exposed labor markets. (JEL E24, F14, F16, J23, J31, L60, O47, R12, R23)

scholarly journals Organizing Immigrant Workers in the Los Angeles Apparel Industry

1998 ◽  
pp. 10-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edna Bonacich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Apparel Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigrant Workers ◽  
The U.S

The apparel industry in the United States is declining. Every month new reports are put out enumerating the loss of jobs. Meanwhile, parallel numbers report the monthly rise of imports. However, even though apparel jobs are moving offshore, U.S.-based manufacturers and retailers still play a critical role in the production of apparel for the U.S. market. They have become multinational corporations. They now arrange for the production of their clothing in other countries, but they still remain in charge of ordering and marketing.

scholarly journals City Minimum Wages and Spatial Equilibrium Effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Perez Perez
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Local Labor Markets ◽  
Spatial Equilibrium ◽  
High Minimum Wage ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Wage Increases

Local minimum wage laws are becoming common across U.S. cities, and their effects may be different from the effects of state or national minimum wage policies. This paper studies the effect of changes in the minimum wage on spatial equilibriums in local labor markets. Using residence and workplace data for the United States, I analyze how commuting, residence, and employment locations change across city and state borders if the minimum wage changes on one side of the border. I find that areas in which the minimum wage increases receive fewer low-wage commuters. A 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces the inflow of low-wage commuters by about 2.5 percent. Rises in the minimum wage are also associated with employment relocation across borders toward areas that did not witness an increase in the minimum wage. I formulate a spatial equilibrium gravity model to explain the distribution of workers between low- and high-minimum wage areas. I calculate counterfactual equilibriums with a higher minimum wage for U.S. counties with cities considering an increase, highlighting the role of commuting and migration responses. About two-fifths of the counties considering increases would receive fewer low-wage commuters. Employment relocation away from high-minimum wage areas drives the commuting losses.

scholarly journals Local Labor Markets in Canada and the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (S2) ◽  
pp. S533-S594 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Albouy ◽  
Alex Chernoff ◽  
Chandler Lutz ◽  
Casey Warman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
The United States ◽  
Local Labor Markets
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