scholarly journals Settling taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in brine shrimps, Artemia (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anostraca), by integrating mitogenomics, marker discordances and nomenclature rules

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10865
Author(s):  
Lucía Sainz-Escudero ◽  
E. Karen López-Estrada ◽  
Paula Carolina Rodríguez-Flores ◽  
Mario García-París
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Southern Cone ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Artemia Sinica ◽  
Brine Shrimps ◽  
Asian Lineage ◽  
Evolutionary Units

High morphological plasticity in populations of brine shrimp subjected to different environmental conditions, mainly salinity, hindered for centuries the identification of the taxonomic entities encompassed within Artemia. In addition, the mismatch between molecular and morphological evolution rates complicates the characterization of evolutionary lineages, generating taxonomic problems. Here, we propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for Artemia based on two new complete mitogenomes, and determine levels of congruence in the definition of evolutionary units using nuclear and mtDNA data. We used a fossil of Artemia to calibrate the molecular clock and discuss divergence times within the genus. The hypothesis proposed herein suggests a more recent time frame for lineage splitting than previously considered. Phylogeographic analyses were performed using GenBank available mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Evidence of gen e flow, identified through discordances between nuclear and mtDNA markers, was used to reconsider the specific status of some taxa. As a result, we consider Artemia to be represented by five evolutionary units: Southern Cone, Mediterranean—South African, New World, Western Asian, and Eastern Asian Lineages. After an exhaustive bibliographical revision, unavailable names for nomenclatural purposes were discarded. The remaining available names have been assigned to their respective evolutionary lineage. The proper names for the evolutionary units in which brine shrimps are structured remain as follows: Artemia persimilis Piccinelli & Prosdocimi, 1968 for the Southern Cone Lineage, Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758) for the Mediterranean-SouthAfrican Lineage, Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899 for the Western Asian Lineage, and Artemia sinica Cai, 1989 for the Eastern Asian Lineage. The name Artemia monica Verrill, 1869 has nomenclatural priority over A. franciscana Kellogg, 1906 for naming the New World Lineage. New synonymies are proposed for A. salina (= C. dybowskii Grochowski, 1896 n. syn., and A. tunisiana Bowen & Sterling, 1978 n. syn.), A. monica (= A. franciscana Kellogg, 1906 n. syn., and A. salina var. pacifica Sars, 1904 n. syn.); A. urmiana (= B. milhausenii Fischer de Waldheim, 1834 n. syn., A. koeppeniana Fischer, 1851 n. syn., A. proxima King, 1855 n. syn., A. s. var. biloba Entz, 1886 n. syn., A. s. var. furcata Entz, 1886 n. syn., A. asiatica Walter, 1887 n. syn., A. parthenogenetica Bowen & Sterling, 1978 n. syn., A. ebinurica Qian & Wang, 1992 n. syn., A. murae Naganawa, 2017 n. syn., and A. frameshifta Naganawa & Mura, 2017 n. syn.). Internal deep nuclear structuring within the A. monica and A. salina clades, might suggest the existence of additional evolutionary units within these taxa.

scholarly journals A semi-automatic dispenser for solid and liquid food in aquatic facilities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël Candelier ◽  
Alex Bois ◽  
Stéphane Tronche ◽  
Jéremy Mahieu ◽  
Abdelkrim Mannioui
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Real World ◽  
Automatic System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Liquid Food ◽  
Brine Shrimps ◽  
Main Module

AbstractWe present a novel, low-footprint and low-cost semi-automatic system for delivering solid and liquid food to zebrafish, and more generally to aquatic animals raised in racks of tanks. It is composed of a portable main module equipped with a contactless reader that adjusts the quantity to deliver for each tank, and either a solid food module or a liquid food module. Solid food comprises virtually any kind of dry powder or grains below two millimeters in diameter, and, for liquid-mediated food, brine shrimps (Artemia salina) and rotifers (Rotifera) have been successfully tested. Real-world testing, feedback and validation have been performed in a zebrafish facility for several months. In comparison with manual feeding this system mitigates the appearance of musculoskeletal disorders among regularly-feeding staff, and let operators observe the animals’ behavior instead of being focused on quantities to deliver. We also tested the accuracy of both humans and our dispenser and found that the semi-automatic system is much more reliable, with respectively 7-fold and 84-fold drops in standard deviation for solid and liquid food.

Naucleactonin D, an Indole Alkaloid and other Chemical Constituents from Roots and Fruits of Mitragyna inermis

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 1159-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik V. Donfack ◽  
Bruno N. Lenta ◽  
Michel D. T. Kongue ◽  
Yannick F. Fongang ◽  
Silvère Ngouela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Indole Alkaloid ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Phytochemical Investigation ◽  
Brine Shrimps ◽  
First Time ◽  
C Nmr ◽  
Mitragyna Inermis

Phytochemical investigation of the roots and fruits of Mitragyna inermis (Rubiaceae) resulted in the isolation of a new indole alkaloid, named naucleactonin D (1), together with fourteen known compounds: nauclefiline (2), naucleficine (3), nauclefidine (4), angustoline (5), angustine (6), barbinervic acid (7), quinovic acid 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside (8), betulinic acid (9), a mixture of ursolic (10) and oleanolic acid (11), a mixture of stigmasterol and b-sitosterol, b-sitosterol 3-O- b-D-glucopyranoside, and strictosamide (12) as the major compound. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with published data. No 13C NMR data for 2 and 3 exist in the literature and compounds 2, 3, 5, 7, and 12 are reported for the first time from the genus Mitragyna. The crude extract and isolated compounds were tested in vitro for their preliminary cytotoxicity against brine shrimps (Artemia salina).

Profil Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Daun Berenuk (Crescentia Cujete L.)Dan Uji Sitotoksik Dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Afdhil Arel ◽  
Epi Supri Wardi ◽  
Yolanda Oktaviani
Keyword(s):  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
Brine Shrimps ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Crescentia Cujete

<em>Tanaman berenuk (Crescentia cujete L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang tumbuh di Indonesia.Secara tradisional daun berenuk digunakan untuk mengobati luka baru dan menurunkan hipertensi.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui profil metabolit sekunder ekstrak daun berenuk dan uji sitotoksik terhadap larva udang Artemia salina Leach dengan metode brine shrimp lethality test. Uji skrining fitokimia menunjukkan ekstrak daun berenuk mengandung alkaloid, flavonoid, fenolik dan steroid. Dari hasil identifikasi dengan metode KLT terhadap ekstrak daun berenuk diduga adanya alkaloid dengan nilai Rf 0,82; flavonoid dengan nilai Rf 0,57; fenolik dengan nilai Rf 0,85 dan steroid dengan nilai Rf 0,55. Hasil identifikasi dengan spektrofotometer uv-visible diperoleh empat puncak dengan panjang gelombang 664 nm, 402 nm, 329 nm dan 213 nm. Hasil uji sitotoksik didapatkan nilai LC50 30,54 µg/ml yang berarti ekstrak daun berenuk aktif terhadap ”brine shrimps” dengan level toksisitas yaitu toksik</em>

scholarly journals Constituents of Erythrina lysistemon: Their Brine Shrimp Lethality, Antimicrobial and Radical Scavenging Activities

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0600100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benard F. Juma ◽  
Runner R. T. Majinda
Keyword(s):  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Dienoic Acid ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Brine Shrimps ◽  
Weak Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging Ability ◽  
New Compounds

Three new compounds, 4′,7-dihydroxy-2″,2″-dimethylpyrano [5″,6″: 5,6]-isoflavone (1), (7 E) (8,2′)-3,7,9,5′,9′-pentahydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxyneolign-7-ene (2) and (9 E,11 Z) 14-hydroxyoctadecan-9,11-dienoic acid (3), along with other known flavonoids, benzenoids, alkaloids and phenylpropanoids were isolated from the twigs, leaves, stem bark, stem wood and flowers of Erythrina lysistemon. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Some of these compounds have shown high lethality against brine shrimps ( Artemia salina), moderate radical scavenging ability in the DPPH assay, moderate antifungal activity against Candida mycoderma, moderate activity against the Gram-positive ( Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli).

scholarly journals Evidence for determinism in species diversification and contingency in phenotypic evolution during adaptive radiation

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1748) ◽  
pp. 4817-4826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank T. Burbrink ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Edward A. Myers ◽  
Matthew C. Brandley ◽  
R. Alexander Pyron
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
New World ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Phenotypic Evolution ◽  
Late Oligocene ◽  
Species Diversification ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Phenotypic Diversification ◽  
Time Periods

Adaptive radiation (AR) theory predicts that groups sharing the same source of ecological opportunity (EO) will experience deterministic species diversification and morphological evolution. Thus, deterministic ecological and morphological evolution should be correlated with deterministic patterns in the tempo and mode of speciation for groups in similar habitats and time periods. We test this hypothesis using well-sampled phylogenies of four squamate groups that colonized the New World (NW) in the Late Oligocene. We use both standard and coalescent models to assess species diversification, as well as likelihood models to examine morphological evolution. All squamate groups show similar early pulses of speciation, as well as diversity-dependent ecological limits on clade size at a continental scale. In contrast, processes of morphological evolution are not easily predictable and do not show similar pulses of early and rapid change. Patterns of morphological and species diversification thus appear uncoupled across these groups. This indicates that the processes that drive diversification and disparification are not mechanistically linked, even among similar groups of taxa experiencing the same sources of EO. It also suggests that processes of phenotypic diversification cannot be predicted solely from the existence of an AR or knowledge of the process of diversification.

Effect of brine-shrimp numbers on growth and survival of early-stage phyllosoma larvae of the rock lobster Jasus edwardsii

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennard J. Tong ◽  
Graeme A. Moss ◽  
Megan M. Paewai ◽  
Timothy D. Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Rock Lobster ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Brine Shrimps ◽  
Jasus Edwardsii ◽  
Large Scale Culture ◽  
Phyllosoma Larvae

Stages I to VI phyllosoma larvae of the rock lobster Jasus edwardsii were fed daily with a fixed number (1, 2, 4, 8, 12 or 16) of 2–3 mm brine shrimps (Artemia salina) to determine the optimum requirement for growth and survival. For stages I and II the threshold below which food became limiting, measured as a significant delay in moulting, was <2 brine shrimps per day. For stage III the threshold was 4 brine shrimps per day, for stages IV and V it was 8 brine shrimps per day and for stage VI, 12 brine shrimps per day. Growth at the moult was reduced when food was limiting. The feeding rate reduced immediately before the moult and this was most evident for stages V and VI. The results are discussed in relation to large scale culture of phyllosoma larvae.

scholarly journals Plastid phylogenomics of the Sansevieria clade (Dracaena; Asparagaceae) resolves a rapid evolutionary radiation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris van Kleinwee ◽  
Isabel Larridon ◽  
Toral Shah ◽  
Kenneth Bauters ◽  
Pieter Asselman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Dna ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Intergenic Spacers ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Informal Groups

ABSTRACTSansevierias are a diverse group of flowering plants native to Africa, Madagascar, the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent, popular outside their native range as low maintenance houseplants. Traditionally recognized as a distinct genus, Sansevieria was recently merged with the larger genus Dracaena based on molecular phylogenetic data. Within the Sansevieria clade, taxonomic uncertainties remain despite numerous attempts to classify the species. We aim to arrive at a robust phylogeny using a plastid phylogenomic approach, and estimate a time-frame of diversification to infer the evolutionary history of the group, including geographical and morphological evolution. Molecular data was obtained using genome skimming for 50 Sansevieria, representing all informal groups previously instated based on morphology, and two Dracaena sensu stricto species. The resulting Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic hypotheses are generally well supported, except for some very short branches along the backbone of the tree. The time-calibrated phylogeny indicates a recent rapid radiation with the main clades emerging in the Pliocene. Two well-supported clades align with previously defined informal groups, i.e., Sansevieria section Dracomima, characterised by the Dracomima-type inflorescence, and the Zeylanica group, native to the Indian subcontinent. Other morphologically defined informal groups are shown to be polyphyletic: a pattern due to convergent evolution of the identifying characters. Cylindrical leaves arose multiple times independently in the evolution of the Sansevieria clade and similarly, the Cephalantha-type inflorescence has originated multiple times from an ancestor with a Sansevieria-type inflorescence. To provide a more accessible tool for species identification and delimitation, genes and spacer regions were screened for variability and phylogenetic informativeness to investigate their potential as chloroplast DNA barcodes. Candidate chloroplast DNA barcodes include the trnH-rpl12, ndhH-rps15, psbE-petL, psbT-psbN, rps18-rpl20 intergenic spacers, the chloroplast gene rps8 and the first intron of ycf3.

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