scholarly journals Influenza A virus infection in turkeys induces respiratory and enteric bacterial dysbiosis correlating with cytokine gene expression

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11806
Author(s):  
John M. Ngunjiri ◽  
Kara J.M. Taylor ◽  
Hana Ji ◽  
Michael C. Abundo ◽  
Amir Ghorbani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Cytokine Gene ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Turkey respiratory and gut microbiota play important roles in promoting health and production performance. Loss of microbiota homeostasis due to pathogen infection can worsen the disease or predispose the bird to infection by other pathogens. While turkeys are highly susceptible to influenza viruses of different origins, the impact of influenza virus infection on turkey gut and respiratory microbiota has not been demonstrated. In this study, we investigated the relationships between low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus replication, cytokine gene expression, and respiratory and gut microbiota disruption in specific-pathogen-free turkeys. Differential replication of two LPAI H5N2 viruses paralleled the levels of clinical signs and cytokine gene expression. During active virus shedding, there was significant increase of ileal and nasal bacterial contents, which inversely corresponded with bacterial species diversity. Spearman’s correlation tests between bacterial abundance and local viral titers revealed that LPAI virus-induced dysbiosis was strongest in the nasal cavity followed by trachea, and weakest in the gut. Significant correlations were also observed between cytokine gene expression levels and relative abundances of several bacteria in tracheas of infected turkeys. For example, interferon γ/λ and interleukin-6 gene expression levels were correlated positively with Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas abundances, and negatively with Lactobacillus abundance. Overall, our data suggest a potential relationship where bacterial community diversity and enrichment or depletion of several bacterial genera in the gut and respiratory tract are dependent on the level of LPAI virus replication. Further work is needed to establish whether respiratory and enteric dysbiosis in LPAI virus-infected turkeys is a result of host immunological responses or other causes such as changes in nutritional uptake.

scholarly journals Temporal and Anatomic Relationship between Virus Replication and Cytokine Gene Expression after Vaginal Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (19) ◽  
pp. 12164-12172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Abel ◽  
David M. Rocke ◽  
Barinderpal Chohan ◽  
Linda Fritts ◽  
Christopher J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Cytokine Gene ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Anatomic Relationship ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

ABSTRACT The current knowledge about early innate immune responses at mucosal sites of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry is limited but likely to be important in the design of effective HIV vaccines against heterosexual transmission. This study examined the temporal and anatomic relationship between virus replication, lymphocyte depletion, and cytokine gene expression levels in mucosal and lymphoid tissues in a vaginal-transmission model of HIV in rhesus macaques. The results of the study show that the kinetics of cytokine gene expression levels in the acute phase of infection are positively correlated with virus replication in a tissue. Thus, cytokine responses after vaginal simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) inoculation are earliest and strongest in mucosal tissues of the genital tract and lowest in systemic lymphoid tissues. Importantly, the early cytokine response was dominated by the induction of proinflammatory cytokines, while the induction of cytokines with antiviral activity, alpha/beta interferon, occurred too late to prevent virus replication and dissemination. Thus, the early cytokine response favors immune activation, resulting in the recruitment of potential target cells for SIV. Further, unique cytokine gene expression patterns were observed in distinct anatomic locations with a rapid and persistent inflammatory response in the gut that is consistent with the gut being the major site of early CD4 T-cell depletion in SIV infection.

Molecular characterization of duck (Anas platyrynhos) Toll-like receptors, mRNA expressions profile in day-old duckling’s tissues and cytokine response to in vitro TLR agonsists stimulation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Kannaki ◽  
P. C. Verma ◽  
M. R. Reddy ◽  
M. Shanmugam
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cytokine Response ◽  
Poly I:C ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Cytokine Gene ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Pbmc Culture ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

TLR repertoire of duck, profiling of their mRNA expression in a range of duckling tissues and cytokine gene expressions upon TLR agonists stimulation in in vitro assay have been investigated. All ten TLR genes orthologous to chicken TLR repertoire were found in duck. Duck TLR genes showed 77-83% similarity at amino acid level to their chicken counterparts. All ten TLRs-TLR1LA, 1LB, 2A, 2B, 3, 4, 5, 7, 15 and 21 mRNA expressions were significantly higher in bursa than other tissues studied, whereas in muscle all TLRs mRNA expressions were significantly lower except for TLR15 (P>0.01). TLR7 gene expression was significantly higher in spleen, bursa and also in lung tissues (P>0.01). The cytokine gene expression levels in duck PBMCs upon LPS and poly I:C stimulation have been quantified. IL-1g gene expression level in LPS stimulated duck PBMC culture was significantly higher at both 12 h and 24 h time intervals (P>0.05). However, there were no significant changes in IFN-ã gene expression levels in poly I:C stimulated duck PBMC culture at both the intervals. TLR gene expression in young ducklings together with cytokine response upon LPS stimulation demonstrates the innate preparedness of younger birds to encounter pathogens and their functional ability to respond to their ligands.

scholarly journals Hematological Changes in Dogs with Visceral Leishmaniasis Are Associated with Increased IFN-γ and TNF Gene Expression Levels in the Bone Marrow

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1618
Author(s):  
Valter Almeida ◽  
Isadora Lima ◽  
Deborah Fraga ◽  
Eugenia Carrillo ◽  
Javier Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Cytokine Gene ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Hematological Changes ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Visceral leishmaniasis is associated with a variety of hematological abnormalities. In this study, we correlated the hematological changes in the peripheral blood of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) with the distribution of cell lineages and cytokine gene expression patterns in the bone marrow. Samples from 63 naturally semidomiciled dogs living in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis were analyzed. L. infantum infection was detected in 50 dogs (79.3%). Among those, 18 (32%) had positive splenic cultures and showed more clinical signs. They also had lower red blood cell counts and leukocytosis with an increased number of neutrophils and monocytes in peripheral blood compared to dogs negative to this test. L. infantum DNA was detected in the bone marrow of 8/14 dogs with positive splenic culture. Dogs with L. infantum infection in the bone marrow presented with histiocytosis (p = 0.0046), fewer erythroid cell clusters (p = 0.0127) and increased gene expression levels of IFN-γ (p = 0.0015) and TNF (p = 0.0091). The data shown herein suggest that inflammatory and cytokine gene expression changes in bone marrow may contribute to the peripheral blood hematological changes observed in visceral leishmaniasis.

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