scholarly journals The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12362
Author(s):  
Daniel Madzia ◽  
Victoria M. Arbour ◽  
Clint A. Boyd ◽  
Andrew A. Farke ◽  
Penélope Cruzado-Caballero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
International Code ◽  
Morphological Disparity ◽  
Research History ◽  
Globally Distributed ◽  
Phylogenetic Nomenclature ◽  
The Way

Ornithischians form a large clade of globally distributed Mesozoic dinosaurs, and represent one of their three major radiations. Throughout their evolutionary history, exceeding 134 million years, ornithischians evolved considerable morphological disparity, expressed especially through the cranial and osteodermal features of their most distinguishable representatives. The nearly two-century-long research history on ornithischians has resulted in the recognition of numerous diverse lineages, many of which have been named. Following the formative publications establishing the theoretical foundation of phylogenetic nomenclature throughout the 1980s and 1990s, many of the proposed names of ornithischian clades were provided with phylogenetic definitions. Some of these definitions have proven useful and have not been changed, beyond the way they were formulated, since their introduction. Some names, however, have multiple definitions, making their application ambiguous. Recent implementation of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ICPN, or PhyloCode) offers the opportunity to explore the utility of previously proposed definitions of established taxon names. Since the Articles of the ICPN are not to be applied retroactively, all phylogenetic definitions published prior to its implementation remain informal (and ineffective) in the light of the Code. Here, we revise the nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaur clades; we revisit 76 preexisting ornithischian clade names, review their recent and historical use, and formally establish their phylogenetic definitions. Additionally, we introduce five new clade names: two for robustly supported clades of later-diverging hadrosaurids and ceratopsians, one uniting heterodontosaurids and genasaurs, and two for clades of nodosaurids. Our study marks a key step towards a formal phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs.

scholarly journals KEBIJAKAN REHABILITASI TERHADAP PENYALAH GUNA NARKOTIKA PADA UNDANG – UNDANG NOMOR 35 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG NARKOTIKA

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
IDA BAGUS PUTU SWADHARMA DIPUTRA
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Journal Writing ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Drug Addicts ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Way

Positive law states, drug users are criminals because it has met the qualifications in the law of narcotics, narcotic offenses such as drug abuse in the study of criminology can be classified as a crime without a victim or a victimless crime. This is because they will become dependent on illicit goods (narcotics), the way it deems appropriate to cure the addiction is to rehabilitate the victims of drug abuse For law journal writing, the writer uses normative legal research with one character is using secondary data, where the data consists of primary legal materials, legal materials and secondary legal materials tertiary. And the theoretical foundation that is used is the law, norms and theories appropriate to the problem The results reveal the writing on the rehabilitation policy on Narcotics has been strictly regulated in Chapter IX legislation, policies were aimed at drug addicts and victims of drug abuse, arguing that victims of drug abuse is a victim of crime narcotics and therefore the appropriate sanctions to be meted out to him is the rehabilitation of the victims will be able to return to society and become useful

Primary, secondary and tertiary syntypes and virtual lectotype designation in zoological nomenclature, with comments on the recent designation of a lectotype for Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758

Bionomina ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Dubois ◽  
André Nemésio ◽  
Roger Bour
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Data ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
International Code ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Way

The role of primary, secondary and tertiary syntypes in solving nomenclatural problems, especially those related to old nomina from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, is discussed. The very useful but rarely implemented procedure of designating virtual lectotypes, i.e., specimens that can be traced as belonging to the original syntypic series but currently non-extant (e.g., lost, destroyed, misplaced, or originally being a live animal of which only an illustration remains), is here highlighted as potentially opening the way for a neotype designation that better suits stability in zoological nomenclature. This is particularly true when mixed syntypic series, i.e., those comprising specimens belonging to more than one species, are involved. We illustrate the advantages of this procedure by showing that a secondary syntype of Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758, although currently missing, would have been a better candidate to lectotype designation than the still available specimen actually selected recently as the lectotype of this species based on molecular data. We welcome the use of molecular data to solve nomenclatural problems, but point out that a thorough knowledge of the International Code of zoological Nomenclature is essential if the best decisions are to be taken.

The Pop Culture of Sex: An Evolutionary Window on the Worlds of Pornography and Romance

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
Pop Culture ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Widespread Distribution ◽  
The World ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Way

Pornography and romance, at first glance they seem to be two genres that are almost polar opposites. Yet both are the products of our evolved human sexuality and both have been the subjects of a variety of authors and researchers. Particularly in the case of pornography, some have argued strongly against its very existence, charging it, its creators and consumers with many of the evils in the world (real and imagined). In the case of romance, many have been derogatory and dismissive of the writers' skills and the readers' minds. In this article, I hope to introduce a different approach to these genres, through an evolutionary lens that serves to illuminate the way in which our sexual natures combined with modern technology to create such widespread distribution and sales. Romance and pornography are both multibillion dollar industries, and their stark contrasts reflect the deep divide at the heart of male and female erotic fantasies. These differences reflect the fact that the selection pressures males and females faced in the reproductive realm over human evolutionary history were not identical.

scholarly journals On the valid publication of names and combinations

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (Pt_9) ◽  
pp. 3226-3227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Tindall
Keyword(s):  
International Code ◽  
Code Of Nomenclature ◽  
International Code Of Nomenclature ◽  
The Way

The valid publication of names and combinations in a single journal was one of the innovations in the 1975 revision of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. A number of assumptions are often made with regards the way names or combinations are evaluated as being validly published. A re-examination of the process of valid publication is appropriate.

Resolving phylogenetic and classical nomenclature: A Revision of Canarium Schumacher, 1817 (Mollusca, Neostromboidae, Strombidae)

The Festivus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-43
Author(s):  
Virgilio Liverani ◽  
Aart Dekkers ◽  
Stephen Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
International Code ◽  
Phylogenetic Nomenclature

This revision of the genus Canarium Schumacher, 1817 after Abbott (1960) advances our understanding of the phylogeny of Strombidae. Morphological characters were used to generate a phylogeny using maximum likelihood and including all of the recognised species. This resulted in the recognition of one tree, and within that tree the existing genera Canarium Schumacher, 1817 Tridentarius Kronenberg & Vermeij, 2002 and Terestrombus Kronenberg & Vermeij, 2002, and two more Maculastrombus n. gen. and Neostrombus n. gen. were recognisable clades. Furthermore, within the genus Canarium, four subgenera, Canarium (Canarium), Canarium (Conundrum), Canarium (Elegantum), and Canarium (Stereostrombus), were identified and described. We describe and define taxa that are compatible with the requirements of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode 2020), and also conform to the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). This revision assists in generating a system of nomenclature that reflects the hypothetical relationships, and is at the same time practical in its application. We designate type localities and types for included species that were not yet addressed up until now.

Analysis of the Sports Biomechanics about Difficulty Elements of Group C in Competitive Aerobics

2013 ◽  
Vol 718-720 ◽  
pp. 1848-1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Hong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Sports Biomechanics ◽  
Sport Biomechanics ◽  
The Way

The difficulty elements of group C has become an important part of the competitive aerobics with its development. The author is trying to propose a scientific method as a theoretical foundation for coaches to train. The way is to analyze both the movement time-phase about difficulty elements of the group C, and its sport biomechanics in 3 stages, which are take off, flight and landing.

Privilege, Decentring and the Challenge of Being (Non-) Indigenous in the Study of Indigenous Issues

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torjer A. Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Indigenous Studies ◽  
Binary Relations ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Indigenous Methodologies ◽  
Kaupapa Māori ◽  
The Way

There are acceptable ways of studying Indigenous issues as a non-Indigenous scholar. Still, the role and identity of the scholar is important and debated within the study of Indigenous issues. The purpose of this article is to accept, but explore the premise of a distinction between Indigenous and non-Indigenous. I claim the possibility of taking adecentredspace within Indigenous studies and move towards a methodological and theoretical foundation that is informed by scholars with different stances and backgrounds. A key approach is the intersectional approach to privilege. Neither privilege/oppression, Indigenous/non-Indigenous, nor insider/outsider are binary relations. From Indigenous methodologies such as kaupapa Māori, I emphasise, in particular, the local starting point, arguing that this is the way to transfer relevant issues to a bigger context.

scholarly journals Registration of Neostromboidae Clades in the RegNum of the PhyloCode, and Errata

The Festivus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-209
Author(s):  
Stephen Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
Current Understanding ◽  
International Code ◽  
Phylogenetic Nomenclature

This paper provides the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature RegNum repository registration numbers for the clades defined in The Festivus. The definitions are based on the current understanding of the internal resolution within Stromboidae, and maybe amended as further taxa are resolved. This set of registration references reflects the refined definitions that have become necessary with the activation of the PhyloCode (2020) and the RegNum protocols. The use of types is not a requirement of the PhyloCode, but there use herein does resolve much of the differences between the IZCN and PhyloCode in practice. Errata for Maxwell and Rymer (2021) are noted at the end.

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