scholarly journals Genomic evidence of bitter taste in snakes and phylogenetic analysis of bitter taste receptor genes in reptiles

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaming Zhong ◽  
Shuai Shang ◽  
Xiaoyang Wu ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
Wanchao Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Taste Sensation ◽  
Bitter Taste Receptor ◽  
Taste System ◽  
Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Reconciliation Analysis

As nontraditional model organisms with extreme physiological and morphological phenotypes, snakes are believed to possess an inferior taste system. However, the bitter taste sensation is essential to distinguish the nutritious and poisonous food resources and the genomic evidence of bitter taste in snakes is largely scarce. To explore the genetic basis of the bitter taste of snakes and characterize the evolution of bitter taste receptor genes (Tas2rs) in reptiles, we identifiedTas2rgenes in 19 genomes (species) corresponding to three orders of non-avian reptiles. Our results indicated contractions ofTas2rgene repertoires in snakes, however dramatic gene expansions have occurred in lizards. Phylogenetic analysis of theTas2rs with NJ and BI methods revealed thatTas2rgenes of snake species formed two clades, whereas in lizards theTas2rgenes clustered into two monophyletic clades and four large clades. Evolutionary changes (birth and death) of intactTas2rgenes in reptiles were determined by reconciliation analysis. Additionally, the taste signaling pathway calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (Calhm1) gene of snakes was putatively functional, suggesting that snakes still possess bitter taste sensation. Furthermore, Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts (PIC) analyses reviewed a significant correlation between the number ofTas2rgenes and the amount of potential toxins in reptilian diets, suggesting that insectivores such as some lizards may require moreTas2rs genes than omnivorous and carnivorous reptiles.

scholarly journals Cre-Mediated Recombination in Tas2r131 Cells—A Unique Way to Explore Bitter Taste Receptor Function Inside and Outside of the Taste System

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 627-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Voigt ◽  
Sandra Hübner ◽  
Linda Döring ◽  
Nathalie Perlach ◽  
Irm Hermans-Borgmeyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Receptor Function ◽  
Bitter Taste Receptor ◽  
Taste System

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study of Bitter-Taste Receptor Genotypes, Oral Health, and Markers of Oral Inflammation

Oral ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-138
Author(s):  
Kiranjit Kaur ◽  
Alexandria Turner ◽  
Patrice Jones ◽  
Dean Sculley ◽  
Martin Veysey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Bitter Taste Receptor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Oral Inflammation ◽  
Major Allele

(1) Background: The aetiology of oral disease is multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental factors, including dietary ones. Bitter taste genetics may be related to oral health through dietary modulation or non-gustatory roles, including modulation of inflammation. Investigations of bitter taste and oral health associations to date have been restricted to specific polymorphisms, limited outcomes (caries), and age-groups (children), and links to inflammation remain to be elucidated. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study (n = 65) investigated the correlations between bitter taste genotypes, oral health outcomes, and oral inflammation markers. Oral examinations were conducted, including saliva testing with evaluation of flow rate, pH, and buffering and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 levels. DNA was collected via buccal swabs and used to evaluate the presence of multiple bitter-taste receptor gene polymorphisms. (3) Results: The major allele for TAS2R4-rs2233998, TAS2R5-rs2227264, TAS2R50-rs1376251, and TAS2R9-rs3741845 was associated with a higher mean of unstimulated salivary flow rate, FRAP, TNF-α, IL-1β, and likelihood of filled teeth. Presence of the major allele for TAS2R4-rs2234001 and TAS2R9-rs3741845 was associated with lower means FRAP, TNF-α, IL-1β, DMFT index, and likelihood of missing teeth. (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest relationships between bitter-taste genotypes, oral health outcomes, and inflammatory markers. These findings justify the need for further studies that could help identify risk groups and develop novel agents for maintaining oral health.

Taste perception and expression in stomach of bitter taste receptor tas2r38 in obese and lean subjects

Appetite ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 105595
Author(s):  
Antonietta Robino ◽  
Natalia Rosso ◽  
Martina Guerra ◽  
Pio Corleone ◽  
Biagio Casagranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Bitter Taste Receptor

Bitter taste receptor mTas2r105 is expressed in small intestinal villus and crypts

2015 ◽  
Vol 463 (4) ◽  
pp. 934-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu Gu ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Jie Liang ◽  
Jiaying Chen ◽  
Fuxue Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Bitter Taste Receptor ◽  
Intestinal Villus ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Small Intestinal Villus

Evaluation of the Bitter-Masking Potential of Food Proteins for EGCG by a Cell-Based Human Bitter Taste Receptor Assay and Binding Studies

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (42) ◽  
pp. 10010-10017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime C. Bohin ◽  
Wibke S. U. Roland ◽  
Harry Gruppen ◽  
Robin J. Gouka ◽  
Harry T. W. M. van der Hijden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Bitter Taste Receptor ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
Food Proteins ◽  
Receptor Assay ◽  
A Cell

scholarly journals Vampire bats exhibit evolutionary reduction of bitter taste receptor genes common to other bats

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1788) ◽  
pp. 20141079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Hong ◽  
Huabin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Selective Constraint ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Bitter Taste Receptor ◽  
Pathway Gene ◽  
Vampire Bats ◽  
Vampire Bat ◽  
Strong Functional Constraint

The bitter taste serves as an important natural defence against the ingestion of poisonous foods and is thus believed to be indispensable in animals. However, vampire bats are obligate blood feeders that show a reduced behavioural response towards bitter-tasting compounds. To test whether bitter taste receptor genes ( T2R s) have been relaxed from selective constraint in vampire bats, we sampled all three vampire bat species and 11 non-vampire bats, and sequenced nine one-to-one orthologous T2R s that are assumed to be functionally conserved in all bats. We generated 85 T2R sequences and found that vampire bats have a significantly greater percentage of pseudogenes than other bats. These results strongly suggest a relaxation of selective constraint and a reduction of bitter taste function in vampire bats. We also found that vampire bats retain many intact T2R s, and that the taste signalling pathway gene Calhm1 remains complete and intact with strong functional constraint. These results suggest the presence of some bitter taste function in vampire bats, although it is not likely to play a major role in food selection. Together, our study suggests that the evolutionary reduction of bitter taste function in animals is more pervasive than previously believed, and highlights the importance of extra-oral functions of taste receptor genes.

Bitter Taste Receptor Activation by Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids: Modeled Structural Requirements for Activation of hTAS2R14 and hTAS2R39

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (44) ◽  
pp. 10454-10466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wibke S. U. Roland ◽  
Leo van Buren ◽  
Harry Gruppen ◽  
Marianne Driesse ◽  
Robin J. Gouka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Bitter Taste Receptor ◽  
Structural Requirements

Identification of Oncorhynchus mykiss nebulin-derived peptides as bitter taste receptor TAS2R14 blockers by in silico screening and molecular docking

2021 ◽  
pp. 130839
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Yu ◽  
Yingxue Wang ◽  
Wenzhu Zhao ◽  
Jianrong Li ◽  
David Shuian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Bitter Taste Receptor ◽  
In Silico Screening
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