scholarly journals Remote sensing tree classification with a multilayer perceptron

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6101 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Rex Sumsion ◽  
Michael S. Bradshaw ◽  
Kimball T. Hill ◽  
Lucas D.G. Pinto ◽  
Stephen R. Piccolo
Keyword(s):  
Multilayer Perceptron ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
Perceptron Algorithm ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Vector Machines ◽  
Lidar Observations

To accelerate scientific progress on remote tree classification—as well as biodiversity and ecology sampling—The National Institute of Science and Technology created a community-based competition where scientists were invited to contribute informatics methods for classifying tree species and genus using crown-level images of trees. We classified tree species and genus at the pixel level using hyperspectral and LiDAR observations. We compared three algorithms that have been implemented extensively across a broad range of research applications: support vector machines, random forests, and multilayer perceptron. At the pixel level, the multilayer perceptron algorithm classified species or genus with high accuracy (92.7% and 95.9%, respectively) on the training data and performed better than the other two algorithms (85.8–93.5%). This indicates promise for the use of the multilayer perceptron (MLP) algorithm for tree-species classification based on hyperspectral and LiDAR observations and coincides with a growing body of research in which neural network-based algorithms outperform other types of classification algorithm for machine vision. To aggregate patterns across the images, we used an ensemble approach that averages the pixel-level outputs of the MLP algorithm to classify species at the crown level. The average accuracy of these classifications on the test set was 68.8% for the nine species.

scholarly journals Remote sensing tree classification with a multilayer perceptron

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Rex Sumsion ◽  
Michael S Bradshaw ◽  
Kimball T Hill ◽  
Lucas D G Pinto ◽  
Stephen R Piccolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multilayer Perceptron ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Perceptron Algorithm ◽  
Vector Machines ◽  
Better Than

To accelerate scientific progress on remote tree classification—as well as biodiversity and ecology sampling—The National Institute of Science and Technology created a community-based competition where scientists were invited to contribute informatics methods for classifying tree species and genus using crown-level images of trees. We predicted tree species and genus at the pixel level using hyperspectral and LIDAR observations. We compared three algorithms that have been implemented extensively across a broad range of research applications: support vector machines, random forests, and multilayer perceptron. At the pixel level, the multilayer perceptron algorithm predicted species or genus with high accuracy (92.7 and 95.9%, respectively) on the training data and performed better than the other algorithms (85.8-93.5%). This indicates promise for the use of the MLP algorithm for tree-species classification and coincides with a growing body of research in which neural network-based algorithms outperform other types of classification algorithms for machine vision. To aggregate patterns across the images, we used an ensemble approach that averages the pixel-level outputs of the MLP algorithm to predict species at the crown level. The accuracy of these predictions on the test set was 68.8% for species.

scholarly journals Remote sensing tree classification with a multilayer perceptron

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Rex Sumsion ◽  
Michael S Bradshaw ◽  
Kimball T Hill ◽  
Lucas D G Pinto ◽  
Stephen R Piccolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multilayer Perceptron ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Perceptron Algorithm ◽  
Vector Machines ◽  
Better Than

To accelerate scientific progress on remote tree classification—as well as biodiversity and ecology sampling—The National Institute of Science and Technology created a community-based competition where scientists were invited to contribute informatics methods for classifying tree species and genus using crown-level images of trees. We predicted tree species and genus at the pixel level using hyperspectral and LIDAR observations. We compared three algorithms that have been implemented extensively across a broad range of research applications: support vector machines, random forests, and multilayer perceptron. At the pixel level, the multilayer perceptron algorithm predicted species or genus with high accuracy (92.7 and 95.9%, respectively) on the training data and performed better than the other algorithms (85.8-93.5%). This indicates promise for the use of the MLP algorithm for tree-species classification and coincides with a growing body of research in which neural network-based algorithms outperform other types of classification algorithms for machine vision. To aggregate patterns across the images, we used an ensemble approach that averages the pixel-level outputs of the MLP algorithm to predict species at the crown level. The accuracy of these predictions on the test set was 68.8% for species.

scholarly journals Evaluating Grayware Characteristics and Risks

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongqiang Chen ◽  
Zhanyan Liang ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Zhongrong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Information Gain ◽  
Feature Space ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Generalization Capability ◽  
Self Organizing Maps ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Security Applications ◽  
Vector Machines

Grayware encyclopedias collect known species to provide information for incident analysis, however, the lack of categorization and generalization capability renders them ineffective in the development of defense strategies against clustered strains. A grayware categorization framework is therefore proposed here to not only classify grayware according to diverse taxonomic features but also facilitate evaluations on grayware risk to cyberspace. Armed with Support Vector Machines, the framework builds learning models based on training data extracted automatically from grayware encyclopedias and visualizes categorization results with Self-Organizing Maps. The features used in learning models are selected with information gain and the high dimensionality of feature space is reduced by word stemming and stopword removal process. The grayware categorizations on diversified features reveal that grayware typically attempts to improve its penetration rate by resorting to multiple installation mechanisms and reduced code footprints. The framework also shows that grayware evades detection by attacking victims' security applications and resists being removed by enhancing its clotting capability with infected hosts. Our analysis further points out that species in categoriesSpywareandAdwarecontinue to dominate the grayware landscape and impose extremely critical threats to the Internet ecosystem.

scholarly journals DETECTION OF DISEASE SYMPTOMS ON HYPERSPECTRAL 3D PLANT MODELS

2016 ◽  
Vol III-7 ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ribana Roscher ◽  
Jan Behmann ◽  
Anne-Katrin Mahlein ◽  
Jan Dupuis ◽  
Heiner Kuhlmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Support Vector Machines ◽  
Sparse Representation ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Hyperspectral Images ◽  
Spectral Information ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Vector Machines

We analyze the benefit of combining hyperspectral images information with 3D geometry information for the detection of <i>Cercospora</i> leaf spot disease symptoms on sugar beet plants. Besides commonly used one-class Support Vector Machines, we utilize an unsupervised sparse representation-based approach with group sparsity prior. Geometry information is incorporated by representing each sample of interest with an inclination-sorted dictionary, which can be seen as an 1D topographic dictionary. We compare this approach with a sparse representation based approach without geometry information and One-Class Support Vector Machines. One-Class Support Vector Machines are applied to hyperspectral data without geometry information as well as to hyperspectral images with additional pixelwise inclination information. Our results show a gain in accuracy when using geometry information beside spectral information regardless of the used approach. However, both methods have different demands on the data when applied to new test data sets. One-Class Support Vector Machines require full inclination information on test and training data whereas the topographic dictionary approach only need spectral information for reconstruction of test data once the dictionary is build by spectra with inclination.

scholarly journals Integrating National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) Airborne Remote Sensing and In-Situ Data for Optimal Tree Species Classification

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1414
Author(s):  
Victoria M. Scholl ◽  
Megan E. Cattau ◽  
Maxwell B. Joseph ◽  
Jennifer K. Balch
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Airborne Remote Sensing ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
External Data ◽  
Data Products

Accurately mapping tree species composition and diversity is a critical step towards spatially explicit and species-specific ecological understanding. The National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) is a valuable source of open ecological data across the United States. Freely available NEON data include in-situ measurements of individual trees, including stem locations, species, and crown diameter, along with the NEON Airborne Observation Platform (AOP) airborne remote sensing imagery, including hyperspectral, multispectral, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data products. An important aspect of predicting species using remote sensing data is creating high-quality training sets for optimal classification purposes. Ultimately, manually creating training data is an expensive and time-consuming task that relies on human analyst decisions and may require external data sets or information. We combine in-situ and airborne remote sensing NEON data to evaluate the impact of automated training set preparation and a novel data preprocessing workflow on classifying the four dominant subalpine coniferous tree species at the Niwot Ridge Mountain Research Station forested NEON site in Colorado, USA. We trained pixel-based Random Forest (RF) machine learning models using a series of training data sets along with remote sensing raster data as descriptive features. The highest classification accuracies, 69% and 60% based on internal RF error assessment and an independent validation set, respectively, were obtained using circular tree crown polygons created with half the maximum crown diameter per tree. LiDAR-derived data products were the most important features for species classification, followed by vegetation indices. This work contributes to the open development of well-labeled training data sets for forest composition mapping using openly available NEON data without requiring external data collection, manual delineation steps, or site-specific parameters.

scholarly journals Tree Species Classification Using Hyperion and Sentinel-2 Data with Machine Learning in South Korea and China

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joongbin Lim ◽  
Kyoung-Min Kim ◽  
Ri Jin
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
Tree Species Classification ◽  
Hyperion Data ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Sentinel 2

Remote sensing (RS) has been used to monitor inaccessible regions. It is considered a useful technique for deriving important environmental information from inaccessible regions, especially North Korea. In this study, we aim to develop a tree species classification model based on RS and machine learning techniques, which can be utilized for classification in North Korea. Two study sites were chosen, the Korea National Arboretum (KNA) in South Korea and Mt. Baekdu (MTB; a.k.a., Mt. Changbai in Chinese) in China, located in the border area between North Korea and China, and tree species classifications were examined in both regions. As a preliminary step in developing a classification algorithm that can be applied in North Korea, common coniferous species at both study sites, Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi), were chosen as targets for investigation. Hyperion data have been used for tree species classification due to the abundant spectral information acquired from across more than 200 spectral bands (i.e., hyperspectral satellite data). However, it is impossible to acquire recent Hyperion data because the satellite ceased operation in 2017. Recently, Sentinel-2 satellite multispectral imagery has been used in tree species classification. Thus, it is necessary to compare these two kinds of satellite data to determine the possibility of reliably classifying species. Therefore, Hyperion and Sentinel-2 data were employed, along with machine learning techniques, such as random forests (RFs) and support vector machines (SVMs), to classify tree species. Three questions were answered, showing that: (1) RF and SVM are well established in the hyperspectral imagery for tree species classification, (2) Sentinel-2 data can be used to classify tree species with RF and SVM algorithms instead of Hyperion data, and (3) training data that were built in the KNA cannot be used for the tree classification of MTB. Random forests and SVMs showed overall accuracies of 0.60 and 0.51 and kappa values of 0.20 and 0.00, respectively. Moreover, combined training data from the KNA and MTB showed high classification accuracies in both regions; RF and SVM values exhibited accuracies of 0.99 and 0.97 and kappa values of 0.98 and 0.95, respectively.

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