Genome size, chromosome number determination, and analysis of the repetitive elements in Cissus quadrangularis

Cissus quadrangularis (Vitaceae) is a perennial climber endemic to Africa and is characterized by succulent angular stems. The plant grows in arid and semi-arid regions of Africa especially in the African savanna. The stem of C. quadrangularis has a wide range of applications in both human and animal medicine, but there is limited cytogenetic information available for this species. In this study, the chromosome number, genome size, and genome composition for C. quadrangularis were determined. Flow cytometry results indicated that the genome size of C. quadrangularis is approximately 2C = 1.410 pg. Fluorescence microscopy combined with DAPI stain showed the chromosome numbers to be 2n = 48. It is likely that C. quadrangularis has a tetraploid genome after considering the basic chromosome numbers in Cissus genus (n = 10, 11, or 12). A combination of low-throughput genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis allowed identification and quantification of repetitive elements that make up about 52% of the C. quadrangularis genome, which was dominated by LTR-retrotransposons. Two LTR superfamilies were identified as Copia and Gypsy, with 24% and 15% of the annotated clusters, respectively. The comparison of repeat elements for C. quadrangularis, Vitis vinifera, and four other selected members in the Cissus genus revealed a high diversity in the repetitive element components, which could suggest recent amplification events in the Cissus genus. Our data provides a platform for further studies on the phylogeny and karyotype evolution in this genus and in the family Vitaceae.

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Phylogenetics and chromosomal evolution in the Poaceae (grasses)

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt03103 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 13 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Khidir W. Hilu

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Chromosome Doubling ◽

Chromosomal Evolution ◽

Basic Chromosome Number ◽

Basic Chromosome ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Family

The wide range in basic chromosome number (x = 2–18) and prevalence of polyploidy and hybridisation have resulted in contrasting views on chromosomal evolution in Poaceae. This study uses information on grass chromosome number and a consensus phylogeny to determine patterns of chromosomal evolution in the family. A chromosomal parsimony hypothesis is proposed that underscores (1) the evolution of the Joinvilleaceae/Ecdeiocoleaceae/Poaceae lineage from Restionaceae ancestors with x = 9, (2) aneuploid origin of x�=�11 in Ecdeiocoleaceae and Poaceae (Streptochaeta, Anomochlooideae), (3) reduction to x = 9, followed by chromosome doubling within Anomochlooideae to generate the x = 18 in Anomochloa, and (4) aneuploid increase from the ancestral x = 11 to x = 12 in Pharoideae and Puelioideae, and further diversification in remaining taxa (Fig. 3b). Higher basic chromosome numbers are maintained in basal taxa of all grass subfamilies, whereas smaller numbers are found in terminal species. This finding refutes the 'secondary polyploidy hypothesis', but partially supports the 'reduction hypothesis' previously proposed for chromosomal evolution in the Poaceae.

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The cytology of Brachycome. I. The subgenus Eubrachycome: A general survey

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt9700099 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 99 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

S Smith-White ◽

CR Carter ◽

HM Stace

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Base Number ◽

Undescribed Species ◽

General Survey ◽

Chromosome Races ◽

Chromosomal Change ◽

Cytological Data ◽

Wide Range ◽

Annual Habit

Chromosome number determinations and cytological observations are reported for 37 recognized taxonomic species and varieties, and for a number of undescribed species and chromosome races in Eubrachycome. Additionally, chromosome numbers are reported for six species of Metabrachycome and two species of related genera. A wide range of numbers has been found. It is inferred that x = 9 is the primitive base number in the group. Eubrachycome has used various modes of chromosomal change, including polyploidy, amphidiploidy, decrease in base number, and the establishment of B. chromosomes. The present taxonomy of the group requires revision, taking into account cytological data. Primitive Eubrachycome was probably a mesic perennial. The evolution of desert species has involved reduction in chromosome number and the adoption of the annual habit, but other methods of desert adaptation have been available. Many species are chromosomally unstable, and may have been subject to catastrophic selection.

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Check-list of chromosome numbers of the family Hygromiidae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora) with new data on Circassina frutis

Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” ◽

10.3897/travaux.64.e69707 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 7-20

Author(s):

Nana Bakhtadze ◽

Nino Gabroshvili ◽

Levan Mumladze ◽

Nino Gabroshvili

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Land Snail ◽

Haploid Number ◽

Check List ◽

Fundamental Number ◽

Diploid Complement ◽

The Family ◽

Karyotype Formula ◽

First Time

Chromosome number data on the Hygromiidae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora) are summarized and reviewed briefly in the context of the phylogeny of the family. In hygromiids, the haploid chromosome numbers range from 21 to 26. It is supposed that n = 21 is the ancestral chromosome number in the family. The modal haploid number for Hygromiidae is 23. Description of karyotype in terms of chromosome number and morphology of hygromiid land snail Circassina frutis is provided for the first time. The diploid chromosome number of this species is 2n = 46. The karyotype is symmetric and consists of 21 pairs of metacentric and 2 pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. The karyotype formula is as follows: 2n = 42m + 4sm (n = 21m + 2sm). The fundamental number (FN) is 92. Chromosomes range in length from 2.53 μm for the smallest pair to 6.00 μm for the largest pair. The total length of chromosomes in diploid complement (TCL) is 170.40 ± 3.22 μm.

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Karyotype description and comparative analysis in Ringed Kingfisher and Green Kingfisher (Coraciiformes, Alcedinidae)

Comparative Cytogenetics ◽

10.3897/compcytogen.v12i2.23883 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 163-170

Author(s):

Tiago Marafiga Degrandi ◽

Jean Carlo Pedroso de Oliveira ◽

Amanda de Araújo Soares ◽

Mario Angel Ledesma ◽

Iris Hass ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Chromosome Number ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Diploid Number ◽

Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽

The Family ◽

Cytogenetic Studies ◽

Karyotype Structure ◽

Chromosome Fusions ◽

Size And Morphology

Kingfishers comprise about 115 species of the family Alcedinidae, and are an interesting group for cytogenetic studies, for they are among birds with most heterogeneous karyotypes. However, cytogenetics knowledge in Kingfishers is extremely limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the karyotype structure of the Ringed Kingfisher (Megaceryletorquata Linnaeus, 1766) and Green Kingfisher (Chloroceryleamericana Gmelin, 1788) and also compare them with related species in order to identify chromosomal rearrangements. The Ringed Kingfisher presented 2n = 84 and the Green Kingfisher had 2n = 94. The increase of the chromosome number in the Green Kingfisher possibly originated by centric fissions in macrochromosomes. In addition, karyotype comparisons in Alcedinidae show a heterogeneity in the size and morphology of macrochromosomes, and chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 76 to 132. Thus, it is possible chromosomal fissions in macrochromosomes resulted in the increase of the diploid number, whereas chromosome fusions have originated the karyotypes with low diploid number.

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Chromosome Number Variation in the Myrtaceae and Its Taxonomic Implications

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt9790547 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 547 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

BL Rye

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Evolutionary Potential ◽

The Family ◽

Number Variation ◽

Taxonomic Implications ◽

Chromosome Number Variation ◽

Australian Flora ◽

Base Chromosome Number ◽

Western Australian

New chromosome number determinations are reported for some 150 Western Australian species of the Myrtaceae. These include the lowest number (n = 5) so far recorded in the family and several newly recorded descending dysploid series. Dysploid chromosome numbers are far less common than the base chromosome number of n = 11 but parallel dysploid series have occurred in many groups and some have played a role in the origin of genera. Polyploidy has been successful at the intraspecific and interspecific levels but is of limited evolutionary potential. The cytoevolutionary trends in the Myrtaceae are examined in relation to taxonomic problems within the family and in relation to cytoevolution in the woody Australian flora as a whole. Smith- White's suggestion that a more natural generic classification in the Chamelauciinae could be obtained by grouping species with the same base chromosome numbers is found to be untenable.

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Two ancient genome duplication events shape diversity in Hibiscus L. (Malvaceae)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-48002/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jonna Sofia Eriksson ◽

Christine D. Bacon ◽

Dominic J. Bennett ◽

Bernard E. Pfeil ◽

Bengt Oxelman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Genome Size ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Whole Genome Duplication ◽

Genome Duplication ◽

Single Copy ◽

Genomic Diversity ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Genome Doubling ◽

Duplication Events

Abstract Background: The great diversity in plant genome size and chromosome number is partly due to polyploidization (i.e., genome doubling events). The differences in genome size and chromosome number among diploid plant species can be a window into the intriguing phenomenon of past genome doubling that may be obscured through time by the process of diploidization. The genus Hibiscus L. (Malvaceae) has a wide diversity of chromosome numbers and a complex genomic history. Hibiscus is ideal for exploring past genomic events because although two ancient genome duplication events have been identified, more are likely to be found due to its diversity of chromosome numbers. To reappraise the history of whole genome duplication events, we tested a series of scenarios describing different polyploidization events.Results: Using target sequence capture, we generated 87 orthologous genes from four diploid species. We detected paralogues in >54% putative single-copy genes. 34 of these genes were selected for testing three different genome duplication scenarios using gene counting. Species of Hibiscus shared one genome duplication with H. syriacus and one whole genome duplication occurred along the branch leading to H. syriacus.Conclusions: Here, we corroborated the independent genome doubling previously found in the lineage leading to H. syriacus and a shared genome doubling of this lineage and the remainder of Hibiscus. Additionally, we found a previously undiscovered genome duplication shared by the /Pavonia and /Malvaviscus clades (both nested within Hibiscus) with the occurrences of two copies in what were otherwise single-copy genes. Our results highlight the complexity of genomic diversity in some plant groups, which makes orthology assessment and accurate phylogenomic inference difficult.

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Genome Size Estimates and Chromosome Numbers of Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.46.4.567 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 567-570 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ryan N. Contreras ◽

John M. Ruter

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Chromosome Number ◽

Genome Size ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Chromosome Counts ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Flow Cytometry Data ◽

Carbol Fuchsin ◽

Cross Compatibility ◽

Size Estimates

Genome size estimates and chromosome number information can be useful for studying the evolution or taxonomy of a group and also can be useful for plant breeders in predicting cross-compatibility. Callicarpa L. is a group of ≈140 species with nearly worldwide distribution. There are no estimates of genome size in the literature and the information on chromosome numbers is limited. Genome size estimates based on flow cytometry are reported here for 16 accessions of Callicarpa comprising 14 species in addition to chromosome counts on six species. Chromosome counts were conducted by staining meristematic cells of roots tips using modified carbol fuchsin. Holoploid genome size estimates ranged from 1.34 pg to 3.48 pg with a mean of 1.74 pg. Two tetraploids (2n = 4x = 68; C. salicifolia P'ei & W. Z. Fang and C. macrophylla Vahl GEN09-0081) were identified based on holoploid genome size and confirmed by chromosome counts. There was little variation among species for monoploid genome size. 1Cx-values ranged from 0.67 pg to 0.88 pg with a mean of 0.77 pg. Chromosome counts for six species revealed a base chromosome number of x = 17. Callicarpa chejuensis Y. H. Chung & H. Kim, C. japonica Thunb. ‘Leucocarpa’, C. longissima Merr., and C. rubella Lindl. were confirmed as diploids (2n = 2x = 34). Cytology supported flow cytometry data that C. salicifolia and C. macrophylla GEN09-0081 were tetraploids. The two accessions of C. macrophylla included in the study were found to be of different ploidy levels. The presence of two ploidy levels among and within species indicates that polyploidization events have occurred in the genus.

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Contribution to knowledge about genome size in members of the family Asteraceae from Turkey: First assessments in 17 taxa, with chromosome counts for nine taxa

Botanica Serbica ◽

10.2298/botserb2001047i ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 47-53

Author(s):

Huseyin Inceer ◽

Nursen Kalmuk

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Genome Size ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Evolutionary Significance ◽

Chromosome Counts ◽

The Family ◽

First Time

In this study, we report genome size (C-values) estimated using flow cytometry for 18 taxa of Asteraceae from Turkey, 17 of which are here assessed for the first time. The studied taxa belong to the genera Achillea (one species), Anthemis (one subspecies), Tanacetum (four taxa) and Crepis (12 taxa). Additionally, chromosome numbers of nine taxa of Crepis are provided, four counts being new reports and the remainder confirming previous data. The 2C-values of the studied taxa range from 2.08 to 11.06 pg, which represent more than fivefold variation. The systematic and evolutionary significance of genome size is discussed within the framework of the results obtained in this study.

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Chromosomal analysis of Astyanax fasciatus (PISCES, CHARACIDAE) from the Araguari river, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842006000100020 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 66 (1a) ◽

pp. 161-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A. R. Torres-Mariano ◽

S. Morelli

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Silver Nitrate ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Chromosomal Analysis ◽

Diploid Chromosome Number ◽

Nucleolar Organizing Regions ◽

Astyanax Fasciatus ◽

The Family ◽

Silver Nitrate Staining ◽

Parana Basin

The genus Astyanax is one of the most numerous of the family Characidae, comprising a large number of similar-shaped species, but displaying innumerable karyotypic variations in its chromosome number and/or structure. The literature describes A. fasciatus populations with diploid chromosome numbers varying from 2n = 45 to 2n = 48. In this study, A. fasciatus specimens captured in the Araguari River (Alto Paraná basin) were cytogenetically characterized, revealing a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 46. The nucleolar organizing regions (NORs), detected with silver nitrate staining, showed a multiple system with two pairs of marked chromosomes. These findings are congruent with those of other studies involving populations of the same species.

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Chromosome numbers in the proteaceae

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt9630001 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

HP Ramsay

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

South African ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

The Family ◽

The One

Chromosome numbers have been determined for 19 genera and 53 species of Proteaceae in Australia. The chromosomes are small in all genera except Persoonia n = 7, Placospermum n = 7 (Johnson and Briggs 1963) and Bellendena n = 5 (Venkata Rao 1957), which have chromosomes comparable in size with those in the Liliaceae and Ranunculaceae. In other Australian genera chromosome numbers range from n = 14 (Cenarrhenes, Macadamia, Xylornelum, Lambertia, Banksia, Dryandra), n = 13 (Isopogon, Petrophile, Stirlingia, Adenanthos), n = 11 (Conospermum, Telopea, Lomatia, Stenocarpus) to n = 10 (Symphionema, Grevillea, Hakea). There are no genera counted so far in Australia with n = 12, a number common to many South African Proteaceae. Only one example of intrageneric polyploidy in the family is reported, for Persoonia toru A. Cunn. n = 14 by Hair and Beuzenberg (1959), while Venkata Rao (1957) discovered one example of intrageneric difference in number in two species of Orites with n = 14, 15, but in all other members of the family investigated, the chromosome numbers are constant for all species of the one genus, indeed for all the genera in certain tribes, e.g. Banksieae. Cytological evolution and distribution of the family have been discussed and a scheme representing possible chromosome number relationships drawn up.

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