scholarly journals KEYLINK: towards a more integrative soil representation for inclusion in ecosystem scale models. I. review and model concept

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9750
Author(s):  
Gaby Deckmyn ◽  
Omar Flores ◽  
Mathias Mayer ◽  
Xavier Domene ◽  
Andrea Schnepf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Soil Food Web ◽  
Ecosystem Models ◽  
Model Concept ◽  
Soil Functioning ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
The Impact

The relatively poor simulation of the below-ground processes is a severe drawback for many ecosystem models, especially when predicting responses to climate change and management. For a meaningful estimation of ecosystem production and the cycling of water, energy, nutrients and carbon, the integration of soil processes and the exchanges at the surface is crucial. It is increasingly recognized that soil biota play an important role in soil organic carbon and nutrient cycling, shaping soil structure and hydrological properties through their activity, and in water and nutrient uptake by plants through mycorrhizal processes. In this article, we review the main soil biological actors (microbiota, fauna and roots) and their effects on soil functioning. We review to what extent they have been included in soil models and propose which of them could be included in ecosystem models. We show that the model representation of the soil food web, the impact of soil ecosystem engineers on soil structure and the related effects on hydrology and soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization are key issues in improving ecosystem-scale soil representation in models. Finally, we describe a new core model concept (KEYLINK) that integrates insights from SOM models, structural models and food web models to simulate the living soil at an ecosystem scale.

scholarly journals Nematodes as Important Source for Omega-3 Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Soil Food Web and the Impact in Nutrition for Higher Trophic Levels

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Menzel ◽  
Diana Geweiler ◽  
Annika Sass ◽  
Dilara Simsek ◽  
Liliane Ruess
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Soil Food Web ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Above- and belowground insect herbivores mediate the impact of nitrogen eutrophication on the soil food web in a grassland ecosystem

Oikos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 127 (9) ◽  
pp. 1272-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pernilla Borgström ◽  
Riccardo Bommarco ◽  
Joachim Strengbom ◽  
Maria Viketoft
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Grassland Ecosystem ◽  
Soil Food Web ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals KEYLINK: towards a more integrative soil representation for inclusion in ecosystem scale models—II: model description, implementation and testing

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10707
Author(s):  
Omar Flores ◽  
Gaby Deckmyn ◽  
Jorge Curiel Yuste ◽  
Mathieu Javaux ◽  
Alexei Uvarov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Selection Of

New knowledge on soil structure highlights its importance for hydrology and soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization, which however remains neglected in many wide used models. We present here a new model, KEYLINK, in which soil structure is integrated with the existing concepts on SOM pools, and elements from food web models, that is, those from direct trophic interactions among soil organisms. KEYLINK is, therefore, an attempt to integrate soil functional diversity and food webs in predictions of soil carbon (C) and soil water balances. We present a selection of equations that can be used for most models as well as basic parameter intervals, for example, key pools, functional groups’ biomasses and growth rates. Parameter distributions can be determined with Bayesian calibration, and here an example is presented for food web growth rate parameters for a pine forest in Belgium. We show how these added equations can improve the functioning of the model in describing known phenomena. For this, five test cases are given as simulation examples: changing the input litter quality (recalcitrance and carbon to nitrogen ratio), excluding predators, increasing pH and changing initial soil porosity. These results overall show how KEYLINK is able to simulate the known effects of these parameters and can simulate the linked effects of biopore formation, hydrology and aggregation on soil functioning. Furthermore, the results show an important trophic cascade effect of predation on the complete C cycle with repercussions on the soil structure as ecosystem engineers are predated, and on SOM turnover when predation on fungivore and bacterivore populations are reduced. In summary, KEYLINK shows how soil functional diversity and trophic organization and their role in C and water cycling in soils should be considered in order to improve our predictions on C sequestration and C emissions from soils.

scholarly journals Incorporation of mineral nitrogen into the soil food web as affected by plant community composition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Strecker ◽  
Annette Jesch ◽  
Dörte Bachmann ◽  
Melissa Jüds ◽  
Kevin Karbstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Community Composition ◽  
Soil Food Web

scholarly journals Enhanced Viral Activity in the Surface Microlayer of the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Dolors Vaqué ◽  
Julia A. Boras ◽  
Jesús Maria Arrieta ◽  
Susana Agustí ◽  
Carlos M. Duarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Microbial Food Web ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Viral Activity ◽  
The Impact

The ocean surface microlayer (SML), with physicochemical characteristics different from those of subsurface waters (SSW), results in dense and active viral and microbial communities that may favor virus–host interactions. Conversely, wind speed and/or UV radiation could adversely affect virus infection. Furthermore, in polar regions, organic and inorganic nutrient inputs from melting ice may increase microbial activity in the SML. Since the role of viruses in the microbial food web of the SML is poorly understood in polar oceans, we aimed to study the impact of viruses on prokaryotic communities in the SML and in the SSW in Arctic and Antarctic waters. We hypothesized that a higher viral activity in the SML than in the SSW in both polar systems would be observed. We measured viral and prokaryote abundances, virus-mediated mortality on prokaryotes, heterotrophic and phototrophic nanoflagellate abundance, and environmental factors. In both polar zones, we found small differences in environmental factors between the SML and the SSW. In contrast, despite the adverse effect of wind, viral and prokaryote abundances and virus-mediated mortality on prokaryotes were higher in the SML than in the SSW. As a consequence, the higher carbon flux released by lysed cells in the SML than in the SSW would increase the pool of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and be rapidly used by other prokaryotes to grow (the viral shunt). Thus, our results suggest that viral activity greatly contributes to the functioning of the microbial food web in the SML, which could influence the biogeochemical cycles of the water column.

scholarly journals Laboratory test and numerical simulation of composite geomembrane leakage in plain reservoir

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 651-662
Author(s):  
Jinping Luo ◽  
Guoxiang Huang ◽  
Yanni Shao ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
Quanyi Xie
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Seepage Discharge ◽  
Threshold Distance ◽  
Water Head ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Single Factor Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Leakage Location

Abstract Plain reservoir plays an important role in alleviating water shortage in plain areas which are generally crowded with large populations. As an effective and cheap anti-seepage measure, geomembrane is widely applied in plain reservoirs. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the seepage discharge caused by composite geomembrane leakage. The laboratory test and numerical calculation are carried out in this paper to analyze the influence of three factors (i.e., water head, leakage size, and leakage location) on seepage discharge. It is found from the results of the orthogonal and single-factor analysis that the impact order of the three factors on the seepage discharge of plain reservoir is: distance from dam toe > water head > leakage size. Moreover, the seepage discharge increases as the water head, leakage size, and leakage quantity increase, in a linear relation. The opposite trend can be sawed in the seepage discharge when the distance from dam toe rises. Furthermore, a threshold distance is innovatively presented based on the results of numerical analysis. The ranking of three factors has enlightening significance for future scholars to track and study key issues of the leakage of composite geomembrane. The threshold distance presented in this paper is beneficial for engineers to manage and maintain the reservoir. Generally, the findings of this study can be beneficial to deepen the understanding of the influence of composite geomembrane leakage on the plain reservoirs.

Practitioner Review: Continuity and Change: The Fair Work Act in Aviation

2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Bussell ◽  
John Farrow
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
National Debate ◽  
New Development ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

This article begins by discussing the specific industrial relations challenges of the highly competitive aviation industry. It then reflects on the outcome of the recent intense national debate over industrial relations, exploring the consequences of that debate for practice and policy, and discusses some key issues that remain in play. Although the Fair Work Act 2009 may have come about as a reaction to what many perceive as the ‘excesses’ of Work Choices, the new Act does not so much ‘wind back the clock’ as represent a significant new development in Australia’s long and unique industrial relations history. This article will discuss the impact of the changes, to date, made by the Fair Work Act on one organization, including the expansion of the ‘safety net’, and how the new compromise between the role of the ‘collective’ and the role of the ‘individual’ struck by the Act has the potential to fundamentally change the nature and structure of bargaining. We offer these comments as practitioners who have worked under successive industrial relations regimes since the early 1980s.

Reconstructing the soil food web of a 100 million-year-old forest: The case of the mid-Cretaceous fossils in the amber of Charentes (SW France)

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Adl ◽  
Vincent Girard ◽  
Gérard Breton ◽  
Malvina Lak ◽  
Ardhini Maharning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Soil Food Web ◽  
Cretaceous Fossils ◽  
Sw France
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